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NUT1009 > Nutrition research > Flashcards

Nutrition research Flashcards

1
Q

What are observational studies

A

Variables that are suspected of producing an effect are observed and the investigator measures but does nott intervene

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2
Q

What are experimental studies

A

Hypothesis testing of causal relationships between independent and dependent variables where the investigator influences events

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3
Q

What is epidemiology

A

The study of disease in populations

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4
Q

Which type of study takes an epidemiological approach

A

Observational

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5
Q

What types of studies are observation studies

A

Case control, cross sectional and cohort studies

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6
Q

What are the benefits of observational studies

A

Build up evidence to support a suggested effect (diet on disease) which is useful for generating hypothesises

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7
Q

What are confounding variables

A

Variables that can provide alternate explanations for an association in observational studies as they are associated with both the exposure (diet) and outcome (disease)

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8
Q

How can confounding variables be dealt with

A

Matching or restricting participants, data analysis e.g. age standardisation or by adjustment of statistical models

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9
Q

What are cross sectional studies

A

Observational study that provides a snapshot of epidemiological data on nutrition, identifying the nutritional needs of a population to inform health promotion and can estimate the prevalence of disease at a single time point

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10
Q

What are the uses of cross sectional studies

A

Planning of services/ interventions, raising questions of association, investigating fixed exposures, national nutrition policies

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11
Q

What are case control studies

A

Two groups cases (with disease) and controls (without disease) that have had exposure to dietary factor of interest are retrospectively compared to estimate associated of factor with risk of diseases

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12
Q

What are the conditions of case control studies

A

Case population should be large enough and have a high enough incidence of disease to ensure enough cases over study course
Controls should be from the same population or one that represents the population that the cases were drawn from

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13
Q

What are the strengths of case control studies

A

Quicker and cheaper than cohort studies
Cases and controls can be matched to reduce confounding

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14
Q

What are the limitations of case control studies

A

Selection bias- low response rates, pre existing knowledge of topic, different selection of cases and controls
Measurement bias- retrospective (recall bias), misclassification

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15
Q

What are cohort studies

A

Individuals are followed up over a period of time and disease and health outcomes are assessed

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16
Q

What are the benefits of a cohort study

A

Can assess multiple outcomes and exposures at once
Allows measure of disease incidence as healthy population followed over time
Can calculate relative risk (RR)

17
Q

Can observational studies determine causation

A

No, only potential associations

18
Q

What type of study is this ‘comparison or previous olive oil consumption between cases of heart disease and healthy controls’

A

Case control

19
Q

What type of study is this ‘Start with a group of healthy individuals whose baseline diet (i.e., olive oil) would be recorded.
Participants would be followed up over several years to compare new cases of heart disease between those consuming different levels of olive oil’

A

Cohort

20
Q

What type of research does the researcher actively participates/conducts

A

Both observational and experimental

21
Q

What are experimental/intervention studies

A

Experimental studies which generate a hypothesis and demonstrate causation by altering consumption of a dietary pattern in a controlled way to measure the effect

22
Q

What are the three types of experimental studies

A

Randomised controlled trials (RCT), controlled trials and quasi experimental

23
Q

What are RCT

A

randomisation of participants by someone other than the investigators/clinicians/participants to generate comparable groups with respect to e.g. age, sex, weight to allow an effect to be measured

24
Q

What are the uses of RCT

A

Establish causal relationships
Asses effects of healthcare interventions, nutrition/diet on health
Determine benefits of nutrition/diets and efficiency of interventions
Compare doses/amounts of a particular nutrition/diets

25
Q

What are controlled trials

A

Non-randomised

26
Q

What are quasi experiments

A

Intervention is applied to a selected group of individuals, who are compared to a control group who have received no intervention

27
Q

What are the strengths of experimental studies

A

Minimised confounding variables
Flexible experiments through manipulation
Powerful stats analysis
Infer causation

28
Q

What are the limitations of experimental studies

A

Randomisation can be difficult
Challenging to exactly represent a specific population
Experiments are unusual social situations
Ethical considerations

29
Q

What type of experimental study is the gold standard for establishing causal relationships

A

Randomised controlled trials

30
Q

What are systematic reviews

A

Answers a defined research question by collecting and summarising all empirical evidence that fits a pre specified criteria

31
Q

What is a meta analysis

A

Use of statistical methods to summarise the combined results of these studies

32
Q

What types of studies are at the top of the hierarchy of scientific evidence pyramid

A

Systematic review and meta analysis (specifically of RCT)

33
Q

Why are systematic reviews and meta analysis at the top of the hierarchy of scientific evidence pyramid

A

Study design reduces bias and produces more reliable findings

34
Q

Describe the hierarchy of evidence pyramid from top to bottom

A

Systematic review and meta analysis
RCT
cohort studies
Case control studies
Cross sectional studies
Case studies
Mechanistic studies
Editorials and expert opinion

35
Q

What are the function of descriptive studies (e.g. case studies)

A

To identify patterns of disease in terms of persons age, sec, place and time etc.

36
Q

What are descriptive studies

A

Describe specific characteristics of a population of interest e.g. case reports and series to discuss patient experiences of symptoms, treatment etc.

37
Q

What are the two types of analytical studies

A

Observational and experimental

NUT1009 (11 decks)

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