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NUT1009 > Dietary minerals > Flashcards

Dietary minerals Flashcards

1
Q

How many essential nutrients are there in humans

A

46

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2
Q

What are essential nutrients

A

Chemicals in food that mammals require for normal functioning and health

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3
Q

Why must essential nutrients come from the diet

A

They must come from the diet as they cannot be made endogenously or cannot be made in sufficient quantities to meet the needs of a body

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4
Q

What are micronutrients

A

Vitamins and Minerals

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5
Q

What is the broad actions of minerals

A

Growth and maintenance of tissues and regulation of body processes

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6
Q

What are the 2 essential electrolytes

A

Sodium and potassium

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7
Q

What is the function of potassium and sodium

A

Normal nerve and muscle function and osmoregulation

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8
Q

What are sources of potassium

A

Milk, banana, most peas and beans, tomatoes, oranges, melon, potatoes, spinach, turnip greens, collard greens, kale, salt substistutes, prunes and raisins

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9
Q

What are sources of sodium

A

Salt, milk, beets, celery, sardines, green olives, cheese, beef, pork

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10
Q

what are the functions of calcium

A

Building and maintaining bones and teeth, nerve transmission and heartbeat regulation, muscle contraction, formation of blood clots, thrombin formation,homeostatic control of plasma and cellular Ca

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11
Q

What is the requirement for calcium per day

A

800mg/day

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12
Q

What are sources of calcium

A

Milk, cheese, yogurt, sardines, tofu, carrots, tinned sardines

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13
Q

Where is calcium metabolism regulated

A

Small intestine, bone and kidney

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14
Q

What mediates calcium metabolism

A

Calciotrophic hormones (vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin)

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15
Q

What is the function of magnesium

A

Transport of other ions across the plasma membrane, calcium channel blocker, muscle relaxation, cellular function e.g oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, DNA, transcription and protein synthesis

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16
Q

What are sources of magnesium

A

Nuts, shellfish, cereals with outer layer in tact, water, some fruit and veg

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17
Q

What can magnesium deficiency lead to

A

Resistance to fit D, neuromuscular hyper-excitability, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia(- K balance)

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18
Q

What can calcium deficiency lead to

A

Osteoporosis

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19
Q

What is the function of phosphorus

A

Temporary storage and transfer of ATP (decreased energy released upon oxidation of macronutrients), phosphorylation, buffer to prevent changes in pH of body fluids, important component of bone and teeth

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20
Q

What are sources of phosphorus

A

Present in all foods but content varies

21
Q

What is the recommended intake of phosphorus per day

A

1-1.5g/ day

22
Q

Why is phosphorus deficiency rare

A

Present in all foods

23
Q

What are sources of iron

A

Red meats, enriched grain and fortified cereals

24
Q

What is the recommended iron intake for males

A

8.7mg/day

25
Q

What is the RNI for iron for females

A

14.8mg/day

26
Q

What is the function of iron

A

Component of haemoglobin, myoglobin in muscle cells, electron transport chain, enzyme cofactor, immune function and drug detoxification pathway

27
Q

What is the do between Heme and non-heme iron

A

Heme is better absorbed than non-heme

28
Q

How can non-heme absorption be improved

A

Eaten along with sources of heme iron, vitamin c also enhances absorption

29
Q

What are sources of heme iron

A

Animal flesh

30
Q

What are sources of non-heme iron

A

Animal flesh, eggs, milk, vegetables, grains

31
Q

How is calcium and iron absorption determined

A

Altered to match bodies need

32
Q

What is iron absorption hindered by

A

Physical acid, oxalic acid, high fibre, high calcium and polyphenols and competes with zinc

33
Q

What is the amount of iron an individual can consume without side effects ( upper level) per day

A

45mg/ day

34
Q

What are symptoms of iron toxicity

A

Diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, abdominal pain

35
Q

What is the function of iodine

A

Essential components of thyroid hormones linked to growth and development

36
Q

What are the consequences of iodine deficiency

A

goitre, cretinism (mental growth stunt)

37
Q

What are the functions of zinc

A

Enzyme cofactor, synthesis of DNA and RN, protein metabolism, immune function and wound healing, development of sexual organs and bones, insulin function, component of superoxide dismutase (O2 defence enzyme)

38
Q

Is the RDA or zinc for females

A

7mg/day

39
Q

What is the RDA of zinc for males

A

9.5mg/day

40
Q

What are sources of zinc

A

Animal products, shellfish, legumes

41
Q

What are the consequences of zinc deficiency

A

Stunting, slow sexual maturity, loss of taste, slow wound healing and lethargy

42
Q

What are the sources of selenium

A

Fish, meat, egg, milk, shellfish, grain, seeds and nuts (depending on soil content)

43
Q

What are the functions of selenium

A

Enzyme Cofactor, protects the heart and other cells from oxidative damage, works alongside vitamin E

44
Q

What is the RDA for selenium for males

A

75mcg/day

45
Q

What is the RDA for selenium for females

A

60mcg/day

46
Q

What are the consequences of selenium deficiency

A

Muscle pain and wasting, cardiomyopathy

47
Q

What mineral deficiencies are most common in the developing world

A

Zinc, iron, iodine

48
Q

What are the major minerals

A

Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, sodium, chloride, magnesium

49
Q

What can affect mineral absorption

A

Dietary fibre and other minerals competing for absorption

NUT1009 (11 decks)

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