Vitamins Flashcards
organic compounds produced by
bacteria, plants and animals, which are essential
to human health
Vitamins
Can be classified as water- or fat-
soluble, depending on their ability to dissolve in
water or fat, respectively. This in turn affects the
way they’re absorbed, transported and stored in
the body.
Vitamins
Organic compounds other than fats, carbohydrates and proteins.
Natural constituents of food, usually present in very small amounts.
Not synthesized by the body in sufficient quantities to meet normal physiological needs.
Needed in very small amounts for normal functioning (maintenance, growth, development and reproduction).
Absence or insufficiency produces a specific deficiency syndrome
Criteria to be a vitamin
Núm of essential vitamins
13
Types of vitamins
Water-soluble v
Fat-soluble v
four fat-soluble vitamins are
A, D, E, and K.
Fat-soluble vitamins from vegetable sources are usually better absorbed when
paired together or cooked with fat-rich foods.
Where do fat-s vit can store
liver, fatty tissue, and muscles.
The nine water-soluble vitamins are
9
vitamin C and all the B vitamins.
They have a key role in helping our bodies convert foods into energy, they are involved in the proper functioning of our nervous system and they help our cells multiply while protecting our genetic material (DNA) in the process.
Water-soluble vitamins
Where do water-s vit can store
They cannot be stored in the body. Any leftover or excess amounts of these leave through the urine
The exception to this is vitamin B12, which can be stored in the liver for many years.
carotenoids
vA
va found in plants
carotenoids
VA mainly found in animal products.
pre-formed vitamin A (or retinol)
Carotenoids are pigments responsible for plant’s
Plant’s red, yellow and orange colors,
abundant carotenoids is
beta-carotene.
Our bodies absorb vitamin A from _____ products better than vitamin A from plant-based foods
animal
supporting our vision, in
keeping our immune system
Important for reproduction, as it helps the
normal growth and development of the embryo.
v A
Foods rich in retinol include:
meat (particularly organ meats)
butter
margarine enriched with retinol
dairy
egg
Foods rich in carotenes include many vegetables and fruits such as:
sweet potatoes, carrots, pumpkins, dark green leafy vegetables, sweet red
peppers, mangoes and melons
Deficiencies of vitamin A can be caused by:
Inadequate intakes of foods containing this micronutrient
Hypoabsorption due to insufficient dietary fat intake, biliary or pancreatic insufficiency, liver disease, or malnutrition.
Signs of Vitamin a deficiency
ADVANCED
Impaired embryonic development
Impaired spermatogenesis
Miscarriage
Anemia
Impaired immunocompetence and reduced number of osteoclasts in bone
Keratinization of the mucous membranes lining the respiratory tract, urinary tract, mouth, skin and epithelium of the eye.
Xerophthalmia: Atrophy of the periocular glands, hyperkeratosis of the conjunctiva, softening of the cornea and blindness.
signs of Vitamin a deficiency
Early signs
Deterioration of vision
due to loss of visual pigments which causes nocturnal blindness.
Effects of Vitamin A deficiency on oral structures
Salivary gland atrophy,
Enamel hypoplasia
Decreased epithelial tissue development.
Vitamin A has been shown to provide a protective effect against cleft palate
Thiamin
vitamin B1
Our bodies also use thiamin to convert nutrients into energy and to keep the healthy function of our brain and nervous system.
VF
V
We can find thiamin in almost every food, but some of its richest sources include:
wholegrains
pulses
meat (particularly liver)
fish
thiamin deficiency
anorexia, cardiac signs, indigestion,
constipation, neurological changes.
Beriberi. Disease that causes mental confusion, muscle wasting, edema, peripheral neuropathy, cardiomegaly, and tachycardia. There are two forms of the disease: wet and dry
Effect of thiamin deficiency on oral structures
angular cheilitis
riboflavin
Vitamin b2
This vitamin is important to help our cells grow and function and to help our bodies convert nutrients into energy.
Vitamin b2
what foods contain riboflavin?
milk and dairy products
eggs
meat (particularly organ meats)
fortified foods
signs of riboflavin deficiency
Early signs
Photophobia, lacrimation, burning and itching of the eyes, loss of visual acuity and pain and burning of the lips, mouth and tongue.
signs of riboflavin deficiency
advanced signs
Pharyngitis, hyperemia and edema of the pharyngeal and oral mucous membranes, oral lesions, generalized seborrheic dermatitis, skin anomalies of the vulva and scrotum.
Effects of riboflavin deficiency on oral structures
Edema of oral mucous membranes
Oral lesions:
Angular cheilitis
Glossitis
Ulcerative gingivitis
Niacin
Vitamin b3
Our bodies can produce on their own by converting the essential amino acid tryptophan into niacin.
V B3
Our bodies also use niacin to
convert nutrients into energy, to make fats and cholesterol and to form and repair our genetic material (DNA).
what foods contain niacin?
liver, meat and meat products
fish
peanuts
whole grains
fortified foods.
effects of niacin deficiency
Muscle weakness
Anorexia
Indigestion
Skin rashes
Severe deficiency results in pellagra.
Pellagra: disease that causes skin lesions, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea, depression, and dementia. Ultimately it can lead to organ failure and death.
Effects of niacin deficiency on oral structures
Tongue and mouth soreness
Pellagra can lead to a specific presentation of
glossitis,
Pantothenic acid
Vitamin b5
Our bodies use ___________ to convert nutrients into energy and to make and break down fats.
pantothenic acid
What foods contain Pantothenic acid?
meat and meat products
eggs
nuts
avocados
green leafy vegetables (such as broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, kale and brussels sprouts)
whole grains
legumes
fortified foods.
A deficiency in pantothenic acid can cause
mood changes, sleeping problems and neurological, cardiac and gastrointestinal disturbances.
is involved in more than 100 chemical reactions in
our cells.
Vitamin b6
Our bodies use this vitamin to convert nutrients into energy, to create our red blood cells, to form our genetic material (DNA and RNA) and to break down an excess of homocysteine,
B6
what foods contain vitamin b6?
wholegrains (such as corn, brown rice and quinoa)
pulses
nuts and seeds
potatoes
meat and meat products (such as poultry, pork and liver)
fortified foods.
effects of vitamin b6 deficiency
can cause itchy rashes, and an impairment of the immune system.
In the long-term, it often leads to microcytic anaemia,
Effects of vitamin b6 deficiency on oral structures
Periodontal disease
Burning sensation of the mouth
Sore tongue
Scaly skin on the lips
Angular cheilitis
Biotin
vitamin H, B7 or B8.
Our bodies use biotin to
convert nutrients into energy and to make fatty acids and glucose, which our cells use as a source of energy when there’s not enough available from foods.
What foods contain biotin?
meat and poultry
fish
eggs
cheese
biotin deficiency
can cause skin disorders like seborrheic
dermatitis, alopecia (hair loss), conjunctivitis, poor muscle coordination and paralysis.
Effect of biotin deficiency on oral structures
periorificial dermatitis; scaly, red rash around the orifices, i.e., eyes, nose, and mouth (also called “biotin-deficient face”).
Glossitis
Folate
vitamin b9
is the natural form of the vitamin b9 found in foods and in the body
Folate
synthetic form of b9, used in supplements or fortified foods
folic acid
is needed to help our cells grow and multiply, which makes it a key vitamin in
periods of rapid growth and development, such as pregnancy and infancy.
Folate
what foods contain folate?
dark green vegetables,
legumes
orange and grapefruit juice
peanuts and almonds.
folate deficiency
in people with health conditions
such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease or chronic alcohol abuse)
Can cause irritability and forgetfulness. In the long-term, it can lead to megaloblastic anaemia
folate deficiency
in pregnant women
risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida.
Effect of folate deficiency on oral structures
cleft lip with or without cleft palate
cobalamin
Vitamin B12,
Vitamin B12 is needed in many important bodily processes, particularly to
to keep the healthy functioning of our brain and nervous system.
Vitamin B12 is mainly found in animal products such as:
meat
fish
eggs
dairy products
fortified foods (such as breakfast cereals and plant-based alternatives to yogurt and milk).
vitamin b12 deficiency
megaloblastic anaemia.
Can also harm the normal function of our nervous system and lead to irritability, memory disturbances, depression, and disorientation.
Effect of vitamin b12 deficiency on oral structures
angular cheilitis
halitosis
bone loss
hemorrhagic gingivitis
painful ulcers in the mouth
detachment of periodontal fibers
vitamin c
scorbic acid
Helps make collagen
Convert fats to energy
Protect against free radicals
Vit C
what foods contain vitamin c
fruits (such as berries, lychee, papaya, kiwi and citrus fruits)
vegetables (such as cauliflower, cabbage and sweet pepper)
Vitamin C deficiency can cause
fatigue, anaemia, joint pain and muscle weakness.
If maintained over time, severe vitamin C deficiency can evolve to scurvy, a condition that affects our bodies’ ability to produce collagen causing tooth loss,
Effect of vitamin c deficiency on oral structures
irregular dentin formation
dental pulpal alterations
bleeding gums
delayed wound healing
defective collagen formation
conditionally essential” micronutrient.
choline
Our bodies use choline to produce a neurotransmitter called_____, which helps our muscles contract and supports brain functions such as memory.
acetylcholine
We can find choline in almost every food. The richest food sources of choline are
egg yolks, followed by:
meat and fish
whole grains
vegetables and fruit
fats and oils.
Choline deficiency can cause damage to our
muscles and cause fat to build up in our livers, leading to liver diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
one of the few ones our bodies can make when the skin is directly exposed to the sun.
vitamin D
acts as a hormone in our bodies, regulating many processes that keep us healthy.
Balance the levels of calcium and phosphorus in our bodies
Vitamin D
Some of the richest foods in vitamin D include:
fatty fish (such as herring, salmon and mackerel)
meat (particularly organ meats) and meat products
egg yolks
fortified foods.
when we don’t have or don’t absorb enough vitamin D from foods,
can impair our bodies’ ability to absorb calcium and phosphorus from foods
Over time, this causes our bones to become less dense (with less bone mass) and weaker.
vitamin d deficiency in children
Rickets, a condition that causes bones to
become weak and soft, often affecting the normal growth of bones such as causing the bowing of the legs’ bones
vitamin d deficiency in adults
osteomalacia, bones become soft.
Effects of vitamin d deficiency on oral structures
enamel and dentin hypoplasia
delayed eruption
lamina dura and cementum loss and abnormal alveolar bone patterns that lead to tooth loss.
fat-soluble vitamin that exists in eight different forms; however, of those, our bodies only use α-tocopherol.
vitamin E
Vitamin E protects cell membranes from damage caused by
free radicals
what foods contain vitamin e?
vegetable oils
vegetable fat spreads
nuts and seeds
some fatty fish
egg yolk
whole-grain cereals.
Deficiency of this vitamin can lead to neurological problems, such as:
poor coordination and muscle control
muscle pain or weakness
visual disturbances
increased risk of bleeding
DIF names for v_1, V_2, V_3
phylloquinones, menaquinones, menadione
V K
Functions of V K
Helps blood clotting
Form n keep bones structure
Plant-based foods rich in vitamin K include
dark green leafy vegetables (such as spinach, lettuce, cabbage, kale, brussels sprouts, broccoli and cauliflower)
some seed and vegetable oils (such as soybean, rapeseed, and olive oil)
spreadable vegetable fats
Animal-based foods rich in vitamin K include
meat and meat products (particularly liver products)
poultry
cheese and other dairy products
blended fats and oils.
Vitamin K deficiency affects
blood clotting and can cause easy bruising and
bleeding.
Effect of vitamin k deficiency on oral structures
gingival bleeding
spontaneous gingival hemorrages
