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FOOD AND NUTRITION SCIENCE A1 > VITAMINS > Flashcards

VITAMINS Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain what the functions of vitamin A are?

A

Normal structure and function of skin, eyes, lungs and digestive system.
Vital for vision, embryotic development, growth, cellular differentiation and immune system.

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2
Q

What are some valuable food sources of vitamin A?

A

liver, whole milk, dark green veg, mangoes, apricots.

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3
Q

What are deficiency symptoms of vitamin A?

A

night blindness, increased childhood infection rate, stunted growth rate, health of skin, lowered resistance to infection.

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4
Q

What are the excess effects of vitamin A?

A

Hypervitaminosis.
Acute toxicity - bulging fontanelles, drowsiness, lethargy, irritability, vomiting.
Chronic toxicity - bulging fontanelles, alopecia, bone and joint pain, photophobia, conjunctivitis.

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5
Q

What are the factors affecting bioavailability and absorption?

A

type of carotenoid, pH group, amount included in a meal, DNA of the plant, nutritional status, genetic factors and food preparation method.

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6
Q

What are the two types of vitamin A?

A

Retinol and beta carotene.

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7
Q

What are the functions of calcium?

A 
Healthy bones and teeth. 
Intracellular signaling.
Regulating metabolic processes. 
Blood clotting.
Lowers high blood pressure.
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8
Q

What are valuable sources of calcium?

A

Dairy, bread, green leafy veg and fortified soya products.

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9
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of calcium?

A

Hypercalcemia, rickets (children), osteomalacia (adults), links to osteoporosis, stunted growth.

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10
Q

What are the issues that come with excess calcium?

A

Hypercalcemia, stomach pains and diarrhoea.

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11
Q

What are the factors affecting bioavailability and absorption of calcium?

A

Promoting factors - vitamin D, lactose, dietary protein and acid environment.
inhibiting factors - phytates, oxalates, antacids, excessive intake of dietary fibre.

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12
Q

What are the functions of vitamin D?

A

Its a pro hormone, it regulates and absorbs calcium and has a neuromuscular function.

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13
Q

What are valuable sources of vitamin D?

A

Sunlight, oily fish, eggs, fortified cereals, meat fat spreads.

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of a deficiency of vitamin D?

A

poor calcification of the skeleton, rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis.

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15
Q

What are issues that occur due to excess vitamin D?

A

Hypercalcemia, demineralization of bones, diarrhoea, weight loss and arteriosclerosis.

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16
Q

What are some factors affecting bioavailability and absorption of vitamin D?

A

Depends on the presence of fat in the lumen.

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17
Q

What are the functions of vitamin E?

A

antioxidant - protects cells from free radicals.
protects from lipid peroxidation (damages cell membrane), rheumatoid arthritis, some cancers and serious eye disease (retrolental fibroplasia).
forms red blood cells.
improves fertility.

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18
Q

What are some valuable sources of vitamin E?

A

Foods with poly unsaturated fatty acids (vegetable oils, nuts, seeds.)

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of a deficiency?

A

muscular wasting, nerve damage, reproductive failure, anaemia.

20
Q

What are the effects of excess vitamin E?

A

negative effects on other fat soluble vitamins, interferes with vitamin A absorption.

21
Q

What are the factors affecting the bioavailability and absorption of vitamin E?

A

Smoking and being on the contraceptive pill both reduce intake.

22
Q

What are the functions of vitamin B1 (thiamine)?

A

Co enzyme for energy yielding metabolic pathways, releases energy from carbohydrates, normal nervous and other excitable moving tissue function.

23
Q

What are the valuable sources of vitamin B1?

A

whole grains, nuts, meat, fruit and vegetables, fortified breakfast cereals.

24
Q

What is the deficiency disease of thiamine?

A

Wet beriberi - odema

Dry beriberi - emaciation and muscular wasting

25
Q

What are the functions of B2 (riboflavin)?

A

Coenzyme for a variety of different reactions, release of energy, transport and metabolism of iron.

26
Q

What are valuable sources of B2?

A

Milk, eggs, fortified breakfast cereals, liver, legumes, mushrooms and green leafy vegetables.

27
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of riboflavin?

A

Dryness/cracking of the skin, eyes sensitive to light, painful tongue, oily dermatitis.

28
Q

What are the functions of B3 (niacin)?

A

release of energy, normal function of the skin, mucus membranes and nervous system. `

29
Q

What are valuable sources of niacin?

A

meat, maize flour, wheat, eggs, dairy products, yeast.

30
Q

What is the deficiency disease of vitamin B3?

A

pallegra leading to dementia which can eventually be fatal.

31
Q

What are the effects of having excess vitamin B3?

A

Occurs from its treatment of hyperlipidemia, flushing itching of skin, nausea, gastroenteritis.

32
Q

What are the functions of the vitamin B6 (pryiodoxine)?

A

Metabolism of amino acids, breaks down glycogen, modifies the steroid hormone, formation of red blood cells, transports iron, maintains normal homocysteine levels.

33
Q

What are some valuable sources of B3?

A

poultry, white fish, milk, eggs, wholegrain, soya beans, peanuts.

34
Q

How does deficiency in .B3 occur?

A

Occurs due to prolonged administration of certain drugs.

35
Q

What are the effects of having excess B3?

A

results in sensory nerve damage.

36
Q

What are the functions of vitamin B12?

A

normal function of nervous system, forms red blood cells, energy production, maintains normal homocysteine levels.

37
Q

What are some valuable sources of B12?

A

animal origin, meat, liver, fish, cheese and eggs.

38
Q

What are the symptoms of a deficiency in B12?

A

Pernicious anaemia, neurological complications, degeneration of the nerve tract in the spinal cord.

39
Q

What are the functions of folate?

A

Form healthy red blood cells, normal cell division, normal nervous system structure, maintenance of normal homocysteine levels.

40
Q

What are some valuable sources of folate?

A

green leafy veg, brown rice, peas, oranges, bananas, fortified cereals.

41
Q

What are symptoms of a folate deficiency?

A

pernicious anaemia, insomnia, depression, irritability, NTDs.

42
Q

What are the effects of excess folate?

A

mask B12 deficiency, complications with anticonvulsants.

43
Q

What are the functions of vitamin C?

A

Antioxidant, synthesizing collagen, function of connective tissue, blood vessels, neurological functions, increases haem iron absorption.

44
Q

What are valuable sources of vitamin C?

A

fresh fruit, green veg, peppers, potatoes

45
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin C?

A

Scurvy, fatigue, weakness, bleeding gums, poor wound healing.

46
Q

What are the effects of excess vitamin C?

A

diarrhoea, intestinal discomfort.

FOOD AND NUTRITION SCIENCE A1 (9 decks)

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