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Nutrition and Food Science > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of vitamin A?

A

Retinol

Beta Carotene

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2
Q

What are the functions of vitamin A?

A

normal structure and function of skin, mucous membranes, eyes, digestive system
vital for growth
cellular differentiation
immune system

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3
Q

Describe a deficiency in vitamin A:

A 
Night blindness 
xeropthalmia - dryness of conjunctiva and tear glands are blocked
total blindness
stunted growth
health of skin affected 
lowered immune system
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4
Q

Describe a toxicity of vitamin A:

A

Hypervitaminosis
Acute - bulging fontanelles, lethargy, drowsiness
Clinical - blurred vision, damaged nerves
Chronic - alopecia, bone and joint pain, photophobia

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5
Q

Why is a excess of vitamin A during pregnancy dangerous?

A

It can lead to neural tube defects

spina bifida, still birth, can increase miscarriages

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6
Q

Some food sources of vitamin A

A

Liver products
whole milk
Pre-packed salad

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7
Q

2 Main sources of vitamin D:

A

Sun

Diet

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8
Q

Name the two types of vitamin D:

A

ergocalciferol

cholecalciferol

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9
Q

What will a deficiency in vitamin D lead to?

A

Rickets in children
Osteomalcia in adults
Osteoporosis - usually in women going through menopause, loss of oestrogen

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10
Q

Who is vulnerable to a vitamin D deficiency

A

Pregnant and lactating women
Breastfed babies
Those of an Asian origin
Aged 65+

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11
Q

Why are pregnant and lactating women at risk of vitamin D deficiency?

A

They need extra vitamin D to provide a store for the baby, for its first few weeks/ months of life

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12
Q

Why are breastfed babies vulnerable to a vitamin D deficiency?

A

Formulae milk is fortified with vitamin D whereas breastmilk does not have vitamin D present

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13
Q

Why are those age 65+ vulnerable to a vitamin D deficiency?

A

They may not get out into the sun as much or may be house bound

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14
Q

Why are those from an Asian origin vulnerable to vitamin D deficiency?

A

There dark skin does not synthesise vitamin D as well

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15
Q

What does an excess in vitamin D lead to?

A

Hypercalcemia
Demineralisation of bones and teeth
diarrhoea, weight loss

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16
Q

Effects of cooking on vitamin D:

A

stable in heat, insoluble in water

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17
Q

What are the functions of vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant - protects against free radicals (oxidative damage)
Formation of red blood cells, widens blood vessels
Keep the immune system strong
improves fertility
delay ageing/ improve skin condition

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18
Q

What disease in premature babies can vitamin E prevent?

A

An eye condition - Retrolental Fibroplasia - action of oxygen on developing blood vessels

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19
Q

What can a deficiency in Vitamin E lead to?

A

Muscular wasting
Nerve damage
Reproductive failure
Anaemia

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20
Q

Name 3 food sources of Vitamin E:

A

Oils
Nuts
Seeds

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21
Q

Real name of vitamin E:

A

tocopherol

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22
Q

Effects of cooking on vitamin E:

A

Destroyed in heat, oxygen, freezing, chlorine

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23
Q

Vitamin K functions:

A

formation of blood clotting factors
treatment of excessive menstrual bleeding
therapeutically in haemorrhagic disease of a new born
formation of bone proteins - role in preventing osteoporosis

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24
Q

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin K:

A 
Osteoporosis 
chronic diarrhoea 
excessive menstrual bleeding
nose bleeds 
poor blood clotting
25
Q

Food sources of Vitamin K:

A

Dairy, meat, green leafy veg

26
Q

Vitamin B1 is also known as:

A

Thiamine

27
Q

Name 3 functions of Vitamin B1:

A

Normal functioning of the nervous system
Releases energy from carbs
Use and release of energy from your body

28
Q

What will a deficiency in Vitamin B1 lead to?

A

Stops glucose being fully oxidised
build up of pyruvic acid
leads to muscular weakness, heart palpitations, oedema

29
Q

What disease will a deficiency in vitamin B1 lead to?

A

Beriberi - two types
Wet Beriberi - fluid retention leads to oedema
Dry Beriberi - emaciation and wastage of tissue

30
Q

Some food sources of vitamin B1:

A

whole grains
fruit
nuts

31
Q

Vitamin B2 is also known as:

A

Riboflavin

32
Q

What are the functions of vitamin B2?

A

Release energy from carbs, proteins and fats
Transport and metabolism of iron
Normal structure and function of mucous membranes and the skin

33
Q

What will a deficiency in Vitamin B2 lead to?

A

Dryness and cracking around the mouth and nose
Eyes sensitive to light
Magenta tongue (red, sore)
Oily dermatitis - nose, cheeks, forehead

34
Q

Cooking losses of riboflavin:

A

soluble in water, stable in heat

35
Q

Vitamin B3 is also known as:

A

Niacin

36
Q

What are some functions of vitamin B3?

A

Release of energy from foods
Normal function of skin and mucous membranes
Normal functioning of the nervous system

37
Q

What will a deficiency in vitamin B3 lead to?

A

Pellagra
sensitive skin and sometimes looks like sunburn
Severe cases - dementia, fatal

38
Q

What will a toxicity in vitamin B2 lead to?

A

Hyperlipidaemia - flushing, itching of skin, nausea, gastrointestinal disturbances

39
Q

Some food sources of vitamin B2 are:

A

Meat, Eggs, Dairy products

40
Q

Losses in cooking in vitamin B3:

A

Niacin is more stable in water than riboflavin

41
Q

What is vitamin B6 also known as?

A

Pyridoxine

42
Q

What are the 3 forms of vitamin B6?

A

pyridoxine
pyridoxal
pyridoxine

43
Q

What are the functions of vitamin B6?

A

Central role in the metabolism of amino acids
involved in breaking down glycogen
For the formation of red blood cells
Maintenance of normal blood homocysteine levels

44
Q

Some food sources of vitamin B6:

A

Poultry
Milk
Eggs
White fish

45
Q

What is another name for vitamin B12?

A

Cobalamin

46
Q

What are the functions of vitamin B12?

A

Cofactor for enzymes involved in the nervous system
Formation of red blood cells
metabolism for folate
Maintenance of normal blood homocysteine levels

47
Q

What will a deficiency in vitamin B12 lead to?

A

Chronic inflammation of the stomach lining in older people
pernicious anaemia - red blood cells are enlarged, leads to
shortness of breath
fatigue
rapid heart rate

48
Q

Food sources of Vitamin B12:

A

Meat
Liver
Milk
Eggs

49
Q

What is folate also known as?

A

Folic acid

50
Q

What are some functions of folate?

A

Healthy red blood cells
normal cell division
normal structure of the nervous system
Development of neural tube

51
Q

What will a deficiency in folate lead to?

A 
Pernicious anaemia - release of an immature red blood cell, normal process of maturation in the bone marrow, 
Insomnia
Depression
Irritability
Forgetfulness
52
Q

Vitamin C is also known as:

A

Ascorbic Acid

53
Q

What are some functions of vitamin C?

A

Antioxidant properties
Involved in the synthesis of collagen
normal structure and functioning of connective tissue - bones, skin, cartilage
Normal structure and function of blood vessels
Increase in the absorption of non-haem iron

54
Q

What will a deficiency in vitamin C lead to?

A

Scurvy - bleeding gums, poor wound healing

fatigue, weakness, aching joints,

55
Q

What are some food sources of vitamin C?

A

Citrus fruits
green vegetables
tomatoes

56
Q

Losses in cooking:

A

Readily destroyed during cooking
soluble in water
readily oxidised

57
Q

Toxicity of vitamin C leads to:

A

Diarrhoea

Intestinal discomfort

58
Q

Some food sources of folate are?

A

Green leafy veg, brown rice, peas, oranges

Nutrition and Food Science (15 decks)

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