Vitamins Flashcards
essential fatty acids
- alpha linoleic and linolenic acid
- eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
function of essential fatty acids
- eicosanoid synthesis
deficiency of essential fatty acids
- scaly dermatitis
marasmus
- from low overall caloric intake
- slowed growth and loss of muscle
- serum albumin levels are normal
- extremities are impaired
Kwashiorkor
- protein intake is low but overall caloric intake is normal
- hypoalbuminemia (edema and swelling)
- hyperpigmentation, fatty liver
function of vitamin A
- normal vision
- cell growth and differentiation
- resistance to infections
vitamin A deficiency
- night blindness
- epithelial metaplasia: xerophthalmia (dry eye)
- immune deficiency
function of vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
- used to make FMN and FAD
vitamin B2 deficiency
- ariboflavinosis
- inflammation of the corners of the mouth
- magenta tongue
- dermatitis
- vision problems
function of vitamin B1 (thiamine)
- cofactor for alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase which is used for metabolism of branched chain amino acids
vitamin B1 deficiency
- commonly affects alcoholics
- wet beriberi (high output cardiac failure)
- Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: polyneuropathy, pain in limbs, disorientation, confusion, double vision
function of niacin
- produces NAD+ and NADH
- can be used as a treatment for high cholesterol because it raises HDL
deficiency of niacin
- pellagra: dermatitis, mental confusion (dementia), diarrhea, and death (4D’s)
function of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
- cofactor for transamination reactions in amino acid metabolism
deficiency of vitamin B6
- sideroblastic anemia: cannot make heme
- affects peripheral nerves, skin and circulatory system
- all but 2 AAs become essential
function of folate
- conversion of dUMP to dTMP
- transfer of methyl groups in several reactions
- used to produce thymine for DNA
deficiency of folate
- homocystenemia, megaloblastic anemia, and NTD
- inhibition of DNA synthesis
function of vitamin B12
- 2 major reactions: homocysteine to methionine and methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA
requirements for homocysteine to methionine
- both B12 and folate
- deficiencies in either will lead to high homocysteine levels
requirements for methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA
- only B12
- deficiency of B12 will lead to high levels of methylmalonyl-CoA
cause of megaloblastic anemia
- decreased synthesis of thymine and purine bases (A,G)
function of vitamin C
- activation of precursors for hydroxylation of procollagen, synthesis of collagen
- antioxidant
deficiency of vitamin C
- scurvy
- early symptoms are malaise and lethargy
- lack of collagen formation leads to spots on the skin (legs), soft gums and bleeding
- eventually leads to loss of teeth, jaundice and death
function of vitamin D
- stimulates calcium absorption
- bone mineralization
deficiency of vitamin D
- Rickets in neonates
- osteomalacia- bone is weakened due to reaction with PTH
function of vitamin E
- antioxidant preventing ROS
- immune function
- inhibit platelet aggregation
deficiency of vitamin E
- neuropathy, ataxia, skeletal myopathy, retinopathy, and immune problems
- ataxia and vit E defiency (AVED)
function of vitamin K
- cofactor for a carboxylase in the pathway that produces coagulation factors
deficiency of vitamin K
- bleeding problems
function of zinc
- cell division, DNA replication, and metabolism of dietary compounds
- sexual maturation
deficiency of zinc
- slowed growth, lack of wound healing, delayed sexual maturation, malnutrition
function of iron
- oxygen transport, respiration
- cofactor in synthesis of serotonin and other reactions
deficiency of iron
- microcytic anemia, delayed growth, brittle nails and hair
- MHCH and MVC will be low
function of calcium
- bone structure and function
deficiency of calcium
- linked to vitamin D
- brittle bones
