Vitamin K

Question 1

what are the 4 different types of vitamin K

Answer 1

1. phylloquinone K1
2. menaquinone K2
3. menaquinones MK-4 to MK-6
4. menadione K3

Question 2

bacteria in the colon produce

Answer 2

menaquinones (little absorbed)

Question 3

the amounts of menaquinones produced in colon are not sufficient for body needs

Answer 3

T

Question 4

what foods provide the most phylloquinones

Answer 4

broccoli, kale, swiss chard, turnip, watercress, collard greens, spinach, salad greens

Question 5

how are menaquinones synthesized in the colon

Answer 5

absorbed via passive diffusion (not well due to lack of bile salt emulsification)

Question 6

what delivers vitamin K to the liver

Answer 6

chylomicron

Question 7

______ take up phylloquinone and synthesize menaquinone (MK-4)

Answer 7

extrahepatic tissues

Question 8

principal vitamer in tissues other than the liver

Answer 8

menaquinone -4

Question 9

are vitamin K levels high or low in the liver

Answer 9

low (less than B12)

Question 10

what is the vitamin k dependent enzyme responsible for carboxylation

Answer 10

gamma-glutamyl carboxylase

Question 11

vitamin ___ has the most potent gamma-carboxylation activity (MK-4)

Answer 11

K2

Question 12

what is required for the protein to become functional and enable it to chelate calcium and interact with other compounds

Answer 12

post-translational carboxylation

Question 13

found primarily in the liver associated with the RER

Answer 13

gamma-glutamyl carboxylase

Question 14

4 of 13 blood coagulation proteins require

Answer 14

post translational carboxylation (II (prothrombin),VII, IX, and X)

Question 15

anticoagulation factors ___, ____, and ___ require post translational carboxylation

Answer 15

C, S, and Z

Question 16

what are the 4 vitamin K dependent proteins

Answer 16

1. osteocalcin (osteoblast)
2. matrix Gla protein (mobilization of bone Ca)
3. kidney Gla protein (renal reabsorption of Ca)
4. growth arrest - specific protein (Gas6)

Question 17

low intake of vitamin K is associated with

Answer 17

low bone mineral density

Question 18

women treated with anticoagulants during pregnancy leading to bone abnormalities and impaired neurological development

Answer 18

fetal warfarin syndrome

Question 19

doses greater than ___ of vitamin e interfere with vitamin k

Answer 19

800IU

Question 20

deficiency of vitamin k causes

Answer 20

hemorrhagic disorders due to under-carboxylated blood clotting factors inability to bind calcium for thrombin generation

Question 21

no tolerable upper limit except for

Answer 21

menadione: cause hemolytic anemia and liver damage