VITAL SIGNS Flashcards by Janelle Paula Tibon

controls physiological and behavioral mechanisms that regulate heat loss and heat production

thermoregulation

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neural and vascular control is governed by

hypothalamus

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anterior hypothalamus controls the

heat loss

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posterior hypothalamus controls the

heat production

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is a by-product of metabolism

heat production

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is the primary source of body’s metabolic process

food

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heat production occurs through

Basal metabolic rate
shivering
non-shivering thermogenesis

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Heat loss occurs through

radiation
convection
conduction
evaporation

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What are the factors that affect the body temperature

age
exercise
hormonal level
circadian rhythm
environment
temperature alterations

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is stimulated through voluntary muscle contraction and muscle shivering

compensatory heat production

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accounts for the heat produced by the body at absolute rest

basal metabolism

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it promotes breakdown of glucose and fat

thyroid hormones

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TRUE OR FALSE: Men have a higher BMR than women

TRUE

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is an involuntary body response to temperature differences in the body

shivering

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shivering increases heat production by _ times

4 to 5 times

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occurs primarily in neonates. Because neonates cannot shiver, a limited amount of vascular brown tissue, present at birth, is metabolized for heat production.

nonshivering thermogenesis

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is the transfer of heat from the surface of one object to the surface of another without direct contact between the two.

radiation

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is the transfer of heat from one object to another with direct contact

conduction

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is the transfer of heat away by air movement.

convection

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is the transfer of heat energy when a liquid is changed to a gas

evaporation

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is visible perspiration primarily occurring on the forehead and upper thorax,

diaphoresis

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Skin regulates temperature through
1.
2.
3.

insulation of the body
vasoconstriction
temperature sensation

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The ability of a person to control temperature depends on

the degree of temperature extreme
the person’s ability to sense feeling comfortable or uncomfortable
thought process or emotions
persons mobility and ability to remove clothes

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occurs because heat-loss mechanisms are unable to keep pace with excessive heat production, resulting in an abnormal rise in body temperature.

fever or pyrexia

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such as bacteria and viruses elevate body temperature. They act as antigens, triggering immune system responses.

pyrogens

resolves when the new set point, a higher temperature, is achieved.

chill phase

the chills subside, and the person feels warm and dry

plateau phase

the new set point is “overshot” or the pyrogens are removed

febrile phase

when there is no fever, the patient becomes

afebrile

refers to a fever with an undetermined cause.

FUO (Fever of Unknown Origin)

What are the four classifications of fever?

constant intermittent remittent relapsing

this device may be a thermistor or thermocouple and is incorporated into the tip of a probe

electronic thermometer

the indicator of circulatory status

Pulse

electrical impulses originate from

SA node

the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute is

cardiac output

These regulate ventricular contraction and stroke volume

mechanical neural chemical factors

What are the sites of the pulses?

temporal carotid apical brachial popliteal dorsalis pedis femoral posterior tibial ulnar

What are the characteristics of the pulse?

strength equality rate rhythm

TRUE OR FALSE: Girls have faster heart rate than BOYS

TRUE

are physical signs that individual is alive

vital signs

What are the vital signs

Temp HR RR BP PAIN OXYGEN SATURATION

the oulse is faster than 100 bpm

tachycardia

Tachycardia may be result from

shock hemorrhage exercise fever acute pain drugs

The pulse is slower than 60 bpm

bradycardia

What are the two types of body temperature

core temperature surface temperature

Prolonged exposure to the sun or a high environmental temperature overwhelms the heat-loss mechanisms of the body.

heatstroke

occurs when profuse diaphoresis results in excess water and electrolyte loss.

heat exhaustion

An elevated body temperature related to the inability of the body to promote heat loss or reduce heat production

hyperthermia

What are the types of thermometers?

heat-sensitive patches electronic thermometer Typanic thermometer

Point of maximum impulse is at

fifth intercostal space

represents the actual beating of the heart

apical pulse

difference between the apical and radial pulse rate

pulse deficit

RR can be influenced by

activity age illness injury disease

Ventilatory movements are described as

deep normal shallow

the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the red blood cells

diffusion

the distribution of red blood cells to and from the pulmonary capillaries

perfusion

is a protective physiological mechanism for expanding small airways and alveoli not ventilated during a normal breath

eupnea

What are the factors influencing the character of respiration

acute pain anxiety body position Exercise Hemoglobin function medications neurological functio Smoking

What are the characteristic of a normal respiration?

effortless regular smooth

What are the different respiratory rhythm?

normal dyspnea Cheyne-Stoke respiration Kussmaul’s respiration

What are the different respiratory rate?

normal bradypnea tachypnea apnea

is the force exerted on the walls of an artery by the pulsing blood under pressure from the heart.

blood pressure

The peak of maximum pressure when ejection occurs

systolic pressure

is the minimal pressure exerted against the arterial walls at all times.

diastolic pressure

What are the factors influencing the blood pressure

Medications Activity and Exercise Smoking Stress Age Gender Ethnicity Daily Variation

is associated with thickening and loss of elasticity in the arterial walls.

hypertension

What affects the vital sites

Age Sex Weight Exercise Tolerance Condition

Six mechanism

Neural and Vascular control Behavioral control Heat production Heat loss Skin temperature regulation Thermoregulation

Process of and respiratory vital signs

Nursing diagnosis Planning Intervention Evaluation

Assessment of the Pulse

1. Site 2. Use of steth 3. Character of the pulse 4. Nursing process and pulse determinatio

is the force exerted on the arterial wail by pulsing blood under pressure from the heart. Blood moves from higher to lower pressures.

blood pressure

The maximum peak pressure is known as

systolic blood pressure

. When the ventricles relax, a minimal pressure is exerted against the arterial walls, known as

diastolic blood pressure

Blood pressure is measured in

millimeters of mercury

blood pressure depends on

cardiac output peripheral resistance

is the volume of blood ejected by the ventricles of the heart (stroke volume) multiplied by the heart rate,

cardiac output

is determined by the tone of vasculature and diameter of blood vessels.

peripheral resistance

What is the normal circulating volume?

5000 ml

or percentage of red blood cells, determines viscosity.

hematocrit

Normal arterial walls are

elastic and easily distensible

prevents fluctuations in blood pressure

distensibility

What are the factors controlling blood pressure?

Cardiac output Vascular resistance Volume Viscosity Elasticity of arterial Walls

Difference between the systolic and diastolic

pulse pressure

the average arterial pressure throughout one cardiac cycle, systole, and diastole.

mean arterial pressure

What is pre-high blood pressure? systolic diastolic

systolic- 120-139 diastolic-80-90

What is the blood pressure readings of Stage 1 high blood pressure?

systolic- 140-159 diastolic-90-99

High blood pressure greater than 139-89.

hypertension

What are the risk factors of hypertension?

obesity smoking alcohol high salt diabetes African American Descent

What are the risk factors of hypotension?

pallor skin mottling clamminess increased heart rate decreased urine output,

are part of the assessment for hypovolemia.

orthostatic measurements

occurs when a normotensive person develops symptoms and low blood pressure when rising to an upright position.

orthostatic hypotension

is a form of low blood pressure that happens when standing after sitting or lying down.

orthostatic hypotension

Blood pressure may be affected by many different conditions, what are these?

cardiovascular disorders neurologicak conditions kidney and urological disorders sudden weight gain high blood pressure pre-eclampsia in pregnant women psychological factors

provide important information about cardio- pulmonary dysfunction and is considered by many to be a fifth vital sign.

oxygen saturation