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632: Neuroanatomy-Neuroscience > Visual System > Flashcards

Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 things does the visual system provide?

A
  • sight for the recognition and location of objects
  • eye movement control
  • information used in postural and limb movement control
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2
Q

Where do visual pathways begin?

A

with cells in the retina that convert light into neural signals

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3
Q

Describe the pathways neural signals travel

A

1) optic nerve
2) optic chiasm
3) optic tract
4) synapses in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

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4
Q

What type of information does the primary visual cortex process?

A

It discriminate the shape, size, or texture of objects

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5
Q

What is information conveyed to the visual association cortex/secondary visual cortex is analyzed for?

A

colors and motion

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6
Q

What is the action stream used for?

A

to direct movement

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7
Q

What is the perception stream used to recognize?

A

visual objects

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8
Q

the action stream is a stream of visual information that flows ______, whereas the perception stream flows ______.

A

dorsally

ventrally

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9
Q

Normal eye movements require synthesis of information concerning what 4 things?

A
  • Head movements (vestibular information)
  • Visual objects (vision information)
  • Eye movement and position (proprioceptive information)
  • Selection of a visual target (brainstem and cortical areas)
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10
Q

The best visual acuity is available on a small region of the retina called the _____.

A

fovea

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11
Q

The exquisite control of eye position that is required to view something as a single object is achieved by what 3 things?

A
  • MLF
  • reflexes
  • cerebral centers
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12
Q

What are the 2 types of eye movements?

A
  • Conjugate

- Vergence

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13
Q

Describe conjugate eye movement

A

both eyes move in the same direction

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14
Q

Describe vergence eye movement

A

eyes move toward the midline or away from the midline (convergence vs. divergence)

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15
Q

What are the 2 objectives of eye movements?

A
  • Gaze stabilization

- Direction of gaze

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16
Q

Gaze stabilization during head movements is achieved by what 2 reflexes?

A
  • Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR)

- Optokinetic reflex

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17
Q

When is the vestibulo-ocular reflex initiated?

A

During fast movements of the head

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18
Q

When is the optokinetic reflex initiated?

A

during slow movements of the head

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19
Q

Direction of gaze is achieved by what 3 things?

A
  • Saccades
  • Smooth pursuits
  • Vergence movements
20
Q

What are saccades?

A

fast eye movements to switch gaze from one object to another

21
Q

Describe an example of a saccadic eye movement

A

If a person is reading and someone comes into the room, a saccadic eye movement shifts the reader’s gaze from the text to the person.

22
Q

What are smooth pursuit eye movements?

A

eye movements that follow a moving object

23
Q

What are vergence eye movements?

A

movement of the eyes toward or away from midline to adjust for different distances between the eyes and the visual target

24
Q

What do VORs stabilize?

A

visual images during head movements

25
Q

Give an example of how a VOR reflex occurs?

A

A person attempts to maintain visual fixation of a target while their head turns to the right. The movement of the eyes is matched with the same magnitude and velocity, but in the opposite direction.

26
Q

Describe the pathway a VOR reflex takes starting with rotational acceleration or deceleration of the head

A

1) rotational acceleration or deceleration of the head
2) receptors in semicircular canals are activated
3) send information to the vestibular nuclei
4) which send info to the oculomotor nuclei
5) which tell the extraocular muscles to respond accordingly

27
Q

The optokinetic reflex adjusts eye position during ____ head movements.

A

slow

28
Q

Give an example of when the optokinetic reflex is initiated

A

When a person is walking, the head moves relative to objects in the environment.

29
Q

What elicits an optokinetic reflex?

A

moving visual stimuli

30
Q

What does the optokinetic reflex allow for?

A

the eyes to follow large objects in the visual field

31
Q

Cortical centers that influence eye movements include what 3 fields?

A
  • frontal
  • occipital
  • temporal
32
Q

What does the frontal eye field provide?

A

voluntary control of eye movements

33
Q

What do the occipital and temporal eye fields provide?

A

information for pursuit eye movements

34
Q

What 2 areas of the cortex influence eye movements?

A
  • Posterior parietal cortex

- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

35
Q

What does the Posterior parietal cortex provide?

A

cortical inputs for smooth pursuit movements

36
Q

What does the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex inhibit?

A

reflexive eye movements as appropriate

37
Q

What 5 things may influence eye movements?

A
  • Auditory information (via the superior colliculus)
  • VOR
  • Visual stimuli
  • Sensory information from extraocular muscles
  • Limbic system and voluntary control
38
Q

What controls horizontal saccades?

A

The paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)

39
Q

The paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) controls horizontal saccades via which cranial nerves?

A

CN III and VI

40
Q

What controls vertical saccades?

A

The midbrain reticular formation

41
Q

The midbrain reticular formation controls vertical saccades via which cranial nerves?

A

CN III and IV

42
Q

What controls diagonal saccades?

A

Adjusting the relative levels of activity of both the PPRF and midbrain reticular formation

43
Q

What kind of eye movements are essential for following a moving object?

A

Smooth pursuit eye movements

44
Q

What is vection?

A

the illusion of motion

45
Q

During vection what is inhibited?

A

activity in the vestibular cortex

46
Q

Activation of the vestibular cortex _____ visual areas of the cortex.

A

inhibits

632: Neuroanatomy-Neuroscience (26 decks)

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