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632: Neuroanatomy-Neuroscience > Synaptic Transmission Neurotransmitters and Receptors > Flashcards

Synaptic Transmission Neurotransmitters and Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

3 components of a synapse

A
  • presynaptic terminal
  • synaptic cleft
  • postsynaptic terminal
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2
Q

Describe the series of events at an active chemical synapse (6 steps)

A

1) an action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal
2) the change in electrical potential causes the opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and the influx of calcium
3) elevated levels of Ca2+ then promote the movement of synaptic vesicles to the membrane
4) the synaptic vesicles bind with the membrane, then release NT into the synaptic cleft
5) NT diffuses across the synaptic cleft and activates a membrane receptor
6) the receptor associated with an ion channel opens when the receptor site is bound by NT, allowing positively charged ions to enter the postsynaptic cell

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3
Q

What is the significance of calcium in vesicle fusion?

A

The influx of Ca2+ is necessary and sufficient for vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of synapses?

A
  • axosomatic (neuron - cell body)
  • axodendritic (neuron - dendrite)
  • axoaxonic (neuron - axon)
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5
Q

If the synapse is neuromuscular, axosomatic, or axodendritic, the flux of ions in the postsynaptic membrane generates what?

A

a local postsynaptic potential

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6
Q

What are postsynaptic potentials?

A

local changes in ion concentration across the postsynaptic membrane

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7
Q

When ion channels open on the postsynaptic membrane, due to NT binding, causes a local depolarization occurs it is said to be an _____ postsynaptic potential

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

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8
Q

When ion channels open on the postsynaptic membrane, due to NT binding, causes a local hyperpolarization occurs it is said to be an _____ postsynaptic potential

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

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9
Q

An EPSP occurs when NT bind to postsynaptic membrane receptors that open ions channels, allowing the influx of what ions?

A

Na+ and Ca2+

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10
Q

The summation of EPSPs can lead to what?

A

The generation of an action potential

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11
Q

Describe an example of an excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

At the neuromuscular junction the binding of ACh is excitatory, which opens ligand-gated channels that allow Na+ influx into the muscle cell, initiating the mechanical contraction of the muscle cell

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12
Q

What is an IPSP?

A

a local hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, which decreases the possibility of an action potential

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13
Q

An IPSP involves a local flow of what ions in response to a NT binding to postsynaptic membrane receptors?

A

Cl- into the cell and/or K+ out of the cell (causing the cell to become more negative)

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of summation?

A

Spatial and Temporal

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15
Q

When action potentials arrive from different locations across the cell body simultaneously, it is called _____ summation

A

spatial

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16
Q

When action potentials do not arrive at the cell body simultaneously but their potentials overlap it is called _____ summation

A

temporal

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17
Q

Presynaptic _____ allows for more neurotransmitter to be released.
Presynaptic _____ allows for less neurotransmitter to be released.

A

facilitation

inhibition

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18
Q

When does presynaptic facilitation occur?

A

When a presynaptic axon releases a neurotransmitter that slightly depolarizes the axon terminal of a second neuron, which causes more Ca2+ than normal to enter the presynaptic neuron, causing more transmitter to be released to cleft resulting in increased stimulation of the postsynaptic neuron

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19
Q

When does presynaptic inhibition occur?

A

When an axon releases a neurotransmitter that slightly hyperpolarizes the axonal region of a second neuron which results in decreased stimulation of the postsynaptic cell membrane

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20
Q

How can one’s pain experience be intensified?

A

When someone mentally focuses on pain it can increase the level of activity of brain areas associated with the pain

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21
Q

A neuro____ is a chemical released by a presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft and acts directly on postsynaptic ion channels or activates proteins inside the postsynaptic neuron

A

neurotransmitter

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22
Q

A neuro____ is a chemical released into ECF and adjusts the activity of many neurons by altering neural function by acting at a distance away from the synaptic cleft

A

neuromodulator

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23
Q

Neuro_____ effects manifest more slowly and usually last a long time

A

Neuromodulator

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24
Q

Neuro_____ effects happen in seconds and last from minutes to days

A

Neurotransmitter

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25
Q

What are the 2 types of receptors on postsynaptic neurons that respond to NTs?

A
  • ionotropic (direct)

- metabotropic (indirect)

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26
Q

Describe ionotropic receptors

A

NTs may affect the postsynaptic neuron directly, by activating ion channels (ionotropic)

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27
Q

Describe metabotropic receptors

A

NTs may affect the postsynaptic neuron indirectly, by activating proteins inside the postsynaptic neuron

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28
Q

NTs that act directly (on ionotropic receptors) are classified as what?

A

fast-acting

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29
Q

NTs that act indirectly (on metabotropic receptors) are classified as what?

A

slow-acting

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30
Q

Fast-acting neurotransmitter transmission requires how long?

A

less than 1/1000 of a second

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31
Q

Slow-acting neurotransmitter transmission requires how long?

A

1/10 of a second to minutes

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32
Q

How do slow-acting NTs regulate fast synaptic transmission?

A

By controlling the amount of NT released from the presynaptic terminals

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33
Q

What neurotransmitter is the major conveyor of information in the peripheral nervous system?

A

ACh

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34
Q

ACh is seen in what types of neurons?

A

All neurons that synapse with skeletal muscle fibers to elicit fast-acting effects on muscle membranes

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35
Q

Is ACh excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

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36
Q

What are ACh’s slow acting effects?

A

In the peripheral nervous system that regulate HR and other autonomic functions

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37
Q

What are 3 amino acid transmitters?

A
  • Glutamate
  • Glycine
  • GABA
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38
Q

Which of the amino acid transmitters are excitatory and which are inhibitory?

A

Glutamate is excitatory. Glycine and GABA are inhibitory

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39
Q

Glutamate elicits changes that occur with what?

A

learning and development

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40
Q

Glycine is the major inhibitory transmitter where?

A

Postsynaptic membranes in the brainstem and spinal cord

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41
Q

GABA is the major inhibitory transmitter where?

A

CNS (particularly at interneurons within the spinal cord)

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42
Q

Inhibitory effects produced by glycine and GABA prevent what?

A

excessive neural activity

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43
Q

Low levels of glycine and GABA can lead to what?

A

neural overactivity which leads to seizures, unwanted skeletal muscle contractions, and anxiety

44
Q

What types of transmitters are slow-acting?

A

amines such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, or histamine

45
Q

Is dopamine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory or inhibitory depending on receptor type

46
Q

What are the effects of dopamine?

A

It is associated with feelings of pleasure, reward, and thus motivates certain behaviors as important as eating, and as destructive as addiction

47
Q

Is norepinephrine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory or inhibitory depending on receptor type

48
Q

What are the effects of norepinephrine?

A

It plays a vital role in active surveillance by increasing attention to sensory information

49
Q

Norepinephrine is essential in producing what?

A

The “fight-or-flight” response to stress

50
Q

Excessive levels of norepinephrine can produce what?

A

panic disorder

51
Q

Is serotonin excitatory or inhibitory?

A

usually inhibitory

52
Q

What does serotonin affect?

A

mood and perception of pain, adjusts the general arousal level, and an suppress sensory information

53
Q

The highest levels of serotonin occur with what?

A

alertness

54
Q

The lowest levels of serotonin occur with what?

A

REM sleep

55
Q

What are the effects of serotonin?

A

It plays a role in impulsivity, moral decision making, and obsessive-compulsivity

56
Q

Is histamine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

usually inhibitory

57
Q

Where is histamine typically concentrated? Therefore, it is known for doing what?

A

In the hypothalamus

Regulates hormonal function and increases arousal

58
Q

How do neuroactive peptides affect neuronal signaling?

A

By acting as traditional hormones, neurotransmitters, or neuromodulators

59
Q

What is the most common neuroactive peptide?

A

substance P

60
Q

When tissue is injured what does substance P do?

A

It simulates nerve endings at the site of injury

61
Q

What does substance P do in the CNS?

A

It acts as a neurotransmitter carrying information from the spinal cord to the brain

62
Q

Describe why substance P is strongly implicated as a neuromodulator in the pathophysiologic response to pain?

A

It involves the perception of normally innocuous stimuli as painful

63
Q

What is the diffusible slow-acting transmitter?

A

Nitric oxide

64
Q

Does nitric oxide require a receptor to bind for activation?

A

No, it is diffusible

65
Q

Receptors on the postsynaptic neuron are named after what?

A

the transmitter/modulator to which they bind

66
Q

When does a synaptic receptor act directly?

A

When the receptor and ion channel make up a single functional unit

67
Q

How does a synaptic receptor act indirectly?

A

By using a cascade of intracellular molecules to activate ion channels or cause other changes within the postsynaptic neuron

68
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms postsynaptic receptors use to transduce signals?

A
  • Directly opening ion channels (fast synaptic transmission)
  • Indirectly opening ion channels (slow synaptic transmission)
  • Activating a cascade of intracellular events, including activating genes (slow synaptic transmission)
69
Q

What type of ion channel is an example of a direct activation of ion channels?

A

Ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic receptor)

70
Q

What do ligand-gated ion channels consist of?

A

proteins that function as receptors for the neurotransmitter and as ionotropic receptors

71
Q

When do ligand-gated ion channels open?

A

when specific chemical ligand binds to the receptor surface

72
Q

What type of ion channel is an example of an indirect activation of ion channels?

A

G-proteins (metabotropic receptor)

73
Q

How do G-proteins indirectly open ion channels?

A

By acting as cytoplasmic shuttles, moving between the receptor and target effector proteins on the internal surface of the cell membrane

74
Q

Describe the sequence of events when a neurotransmitter binds to a G-protein receptor (6 steps)

A

1) the receptor protein changes shape
2) the G-protein becomes activated
3) the active subunits of G-proteins break free from the receptor to act as cytoplasmic signaling shuttles
4) the subunit binds to a membrane ion channel
5) the ion channel changes shape and opens
6) the subunits become deactivated and reassociated with the receptor

75
Q

Do the effects of NTs bound to ligand-gated ion channels or G-proteins develop slowly and act longer?

A

G-proteins

76
Q

What affects long-acting systems that regulate mood, pain perception, movement, motivation, and cognition?

A

G-proteins via their second messengers

77
Q

By activating a cascade of intracellular events via a second-messenger system, what can G-proteins do?

A
  • activate genes, causing the cell to manufacture different NTs or other specific cellular products
  • open membrane ion channels
  • modulate Ca2+ concentrations inside the cell which regulates metabolism and other cellular processes
78
Q

In second-messenger systems what is the first messenger? What is the second? What do each do?

A
  • the NT is first; it delivers the signal to the receptor but remains outside the cell
  • the second messenger is produced inside the cell; it conveys the message and activates responses inside the cell
79
Q

Other than having the ability to activate several different down-stream molecules with the binding of a single NT what does a G-protein do?

A

Dramatically amplify a signal

80
Q

What is the only effect of a NT binding to a ionotropic receptor?

A

local depolarization or hyperpolarization of the membrane

81
Q

What are the 3 effects of a NT binding to a metabotropic (G-protein mediated) receptor?

A
  • local depolarization or hyperpolarization of the membrane
  • increase rate of synthesis of specific cellular products
  • affect cell metabolism and other processes
82
Q

What are the 2 categories of ACh receptors?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

83
Q

Are nicotinic receptors ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

ionotropic (directly open ion channels)

84
Q

What do nicotinic receptors do?

A

they allow a rapid increase in intracellular Na+ and Ca2+, producing a local depolarization

85
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A
  • at the neuromuscular junction
  • at autonomic ganglia
  • in some areas of the CNS
86
Q

Loss of nicotinic receptor-expressing neurons in the brain is a hallmark of what disease?

A

Alzheimer’s

87
Q

What kind of receptor are muscarinic receptors?

A

G-protein receptors (metabotropic)

88
Q

Activation of a muscarinic receptor produces what?

A

a slow, prolonged response that may be excitatory or inhibitory

89
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A
  • mainly in autonomic effector cells in the heart
  • on other autonomic effectors
  • in some regions of the brain
90
Q

Are glutamate receptors ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

they can be either

91
Q

What are ligand-gated ion channels that bind glutamate called?

A

AMPA, kainite, or NMDA receptors

92
Q

Activation of AMPA and kainite receptors causes what?

A

fast depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron

93
Q

Describe the activation of the NMDA receptor

A

In order for the ion channel to open, glutamate must be bound to the receptor and the membrane must depolarize simultaneously. Therefore it is both voltage- and ligand-gated.

94
Q

Activation of a NMDA receptor produces what?

A

the associated channel to open and close very slowly

95
Q

What are the 2 types of receptors that GABA binds to?

A

GABA(a) and GABA(b)

96
Q

Describe GABA(a) receptors

A

These receptors are inotropic Cl- channels that open when GABA binds to the receptor, producing hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

97
Q

Describe GABA(b) receptors

A

These slow-acting receptors are linked to ion channels via second-messenger systems

98
Q

What do the 5 dopamine receptors do?

A

They use second-messenger systems to suppress the activity of Ca2+ channels

99
Q

Describe the 2 types of NE receptors

A
  • Activation of alpha NE receptors in the gut causes relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle
  • Activation of beta NE receptors in the heart increases the force of heart rate contraction
100
Q

What are agonists?

A

drugs that bind to the receptor and mimic the effects of naturally occurring neurotransmitters

101
Q

What are antagonists?

A

drugs that prevent the release of neurotransmitters or bind to the receptor and impede the effects of a naturally occurring transmitter

102
Q

What is Lambert-Eaton syndrome?

A

A disease in which antibodies destroy voltage-gated Ca++ channels in the presynaptic terminal

103
Q

What is Myasthenia gravis?

A

A disease in which antibodies attack and destroy nicotinic receptors on muscle cells and because a normal amount of ACh is released into the cleft there is repetitive use of the muscle

104
Q

What is Channelopathy?

A

A disease that involves dysfunction of ion channels, which causes some cases of epilepsy and migraine headaches

105
Q

In summary what are the 2 classes of NTs?

A
  • Small molecule NTs

- Peptide NTs

106
Q

In summary what are the 2 families of receptors?

A
  • ionotropic (ligand-gated ion channels)
  • metabotropic (receptor activating
    second-messenger systems)

632: Neuroanatomy-Neuroscience (26 decks)

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