Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

632: Neuroanatomy-Neuroscience > Introduction to Neuroscience > Flashcards

Introduction to Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 analyses of the nervous system?

A
  • Cellular neuroscience
  • Molecular neuroscience
  • Systems neuroscience
  • Behavioral neuroscience
  • Cognitive neuroscience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe cellular neuroscience

A

This type of analysis considers distinctions between different types of cells in the nervous system and how each cell type functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give a few examples of cellular neuroscience

A

How an individual neuron processes and conveys information.
How information is transferred among neurons.
The roles of non-neural cells in the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe molecular neuroscience

A

this type of analysis investigates the chemistry and physics involved in neural function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe systems neuroscience

A

This analysis investigates groups of neurons that perform a common function such as connections of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 examples of systems neuroscience?

A
  • Proprioceptive system which conveys position and movement information from the musculoskeletal system to the central nervous system.
  • Motor system which controls movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe behavioral neuroscience

A

This analysis examines the interaction among systems that influence behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe cognitive neuroscience

A

This analysis covers the fields of thinking, learning, and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some examples of cognitive-level analysis?

A

Studies focused on planning, using language, and identifying the differences between memory for remembering specific events and memory for performing motor skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 types of cells of the nervous system?

A

neurons and glia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

A

a neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neurons that convey information into the central nervous system are _____. In other words these types of neurons are _____.

A

afferent

sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neurons that transmit information from the central nervous system are _____. In other words these types of neurons are _____.

A

efferent

motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are glia?

A

non-neural cells that provide services for neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 4 regions of the nervous system?

A

1) Peripheral
2) Spinal
3) Brainstem and Cerebellar
4) Cerebral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

A ridge or fold between two clefts on the cerebral surface in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

A groove or furrow on the cerebral surface of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If sulci are deep what are they called?

A

fissures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the most important sulcus in the cerebral cortex?

A

central sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the names of the gyri anterior and posterior to the central sulcus?

A

The precentral gyrus is anterior to the central sulcus and the postcentral gyrus is posterior to the central sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The precentral gyrus is the primary ____ area of the cerebral cortex.
The postcentral gyrus is the primary ____ area of the cerebral cortex.

A

motor

sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

List the 3 gyri and 2 sulci of the frontal lobe

A

The superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri

Superior and inferior frontal sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

List the 3 gyri and 2 sulci of the temporal lobe

A

The superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri

Superior and inferior temporal sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The lateral fissure is aka what?

A

Sylvian fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

List the 2 lobules and 1 sulcus of the parietal lobe

A

The superior and inferior parietal lobule

Intra-parietal sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Areas of the brain that appear gray contain what?

A

neuron cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What occurs in gray matter?

A

information integration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

In the CNS groups of cell bodies (gray matter) are called _____, although gray matter on the surface of the brain is called _____.

A

nuclei

cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Groups of the cell bodies in the PNS are called what?

A

ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is white matter composed of?

A

Axons which are wrapped in myelin.

Myelin has a high fat content which gives it its white appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What occurs in white matter?

A

The axons convey information among parts of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

A bundle of myelinated axons that travel together in the CNS are called what? (4 variations)

A

A tract, lemniscus, column or peduncle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Peripheral components of the somatic nervous system contain what 3 things?

A
  • axons
  • sensory nerve endings
  • glial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Peripheral components of the autonomic nervous system contain what 3 things?

A
  • entire neurons
  • sensory endings
  • synapses
  • ganglia
  • glia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the 3 areas of a gray matter in a cross-sectioned spinal cord?

A

dorsal, lateral, and ventral horns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the 3 areas of a white matter in a cross-sectioned spinal cord?

A

dorsal, lateral, and anterior columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Distally the spinal cord ends in the what?

A

conus medullaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The spinal cord has __ segments, and a pair of spinal nerves arises from each segment. This means there are a total of __ spinal nerves.

A

31

62

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Sensory information enters the spinal cord through the ___ root and motor information exits the spinal cord through the ___ root.

A

dorsal

ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the spinal cord?

A
  • To convey information between the neurons innervating peripheral structures and the brain
  • To process information within the cord (movement of hand away from painful stimulus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

A
  • medulla
  • pons
  • midbrain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What part of the brainstem is the most inferior section and is continuous with the spinal cord?

A

medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the 3 features located on the anterior surface of the medulla?

A
  • the olive
  • the pyramids
  • the roots of 4 cranial nerves
44
Q

The pyramids of the medulla are axons that project from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. As these fibers cross the midline they form what?

A

the pyramidal decussation

45
Q

What is located on the posterior aspect of the medulla?

A

2 slender fibers:

  • fasciculus cuneatus
  • fasciculus gracillis
46
Q

What structure is located on the anterior aspect of the pons?

A

a large bulge which contains fiber tracts and interspersed nuclei

47
Q

How many CNs attach to the pons?

A

4

48
Q

The posterior aspect of the pons borders what?

A

the 4th ventricle

49
Q

The anterior portion of the midbrain is formed by what?

A

2 cerebral peduncles consisting of fibers that descend from the cerebral cortex

50
Q

Dorsally the midbrain consists of what 4 things?

A

4 small rounded bodies:

  • 2 superior colliculi
  • 2 inferior colliculi
51
Q

What are the importances of the colliculi?

A

For orientation to auditory and visual stimuli

52
Q

How many CNs arise from the midbrain?

A

2

53
Q

3 functions of the brainstem?

A
  • control equilibrium
  • integrate information
  • control CV activity, respiration, and temperature
54
Q

Function of CN I

A

Smell

55
Q

Function of CN II

A

Vision

56
Q

Function of CN III

A

Moves and constricts pupils and raises upper eyelids

57
Q

Function of CN IV

A

Move pupil

58
Q

Function of CN V

A

Facial and TMJ sensation and chewing

59
Q

Function of CN VI

A

Abducts the pupil

60
Q

Function of CN VII

A

Facial expression, closes eyes, produces tears and saliva, and taste

61
Q

Function of CN VIII

A

Equilibrium

62
Q

Function of CN IX

A

Swallowing, salivation, and taste

63
Q

Function of CN X

A

Regulates viscera, swallowing, speech, and taste

64
Q

Function of CN XI

A

Elevates shoulders and turns head

65
Q

Function of CN XII

A

Moves tongue

66
Q

Which CNs arise from the midbrain?

A

III and IV

67
Q

Which CNs arise from the pons?

A

V - VIII

68
Q

Which CNs arise from the medulla?

A

IX - XII

69
Q

Which CNs arise above the brainstem?

A

I and II

70
Q

Describe the anatomy of the cerebellum

A

It Consists of two large cerebellar hemispheres and a midline vermis

71
Q

What connects the cerebellum to the posterior brainstem?

A

large bundles of fibers called peduncles.

72
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

to coordinate movement

73
Q

What is the center of the cerebrum called?

A

the diencephalon

74
Q

The diencephalon consists of what 4 structures?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
  • subthalamus
75
Q

4 functions of the thalamus

A
  • relay information to the cerebral cortex
  • process emotional and memory information
  • integrate different types of sensations
  • regulate consciousness, arousal and attention
76
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus

A

Maintains body temperature, metabolic rate, and chemical composition of tissues and fluids

77
Q

The epithalamus consists primarily of what gland?

A

the pineal gland

78
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Influences the secretion of other endocrine glands

79
Q

What does the subthalamus do>

A

It is part of a neural circuit controls movement

80
Q

Which part of the diencephalon is a target for implantation of deep brain stimulator for movement disorders?

A

the subthalamus

81
Q

What are the 6 lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
  • Limbic
  • Insular
82
Q

The surface of the cerebral hemispheres is called what?

A

the cerebral cortex

83
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

Process sensory, motor, and memory information

84
Q

The cerebral cortex is also the site for what?

A

reasoning, language, nonverbal communication, intelligence, and personality

85
Q

What does the limbic system include?

A

Parts of the hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebral cortex, several deep cerebral nuclei, and the hippocampus

86
Q

What is the limbic system involved with?

A

Emotions and the processing of some types of memory

87
Q

Within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres are additional areas of gray matter, the most prominent being what?

A

the basal ganglia

88
Q

What are the 3 basal ganglia nuclei in the cerebral hemispheres?

A
  • caudate
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
89
Q

The caudate and putamen together are called what?

A

the corpus striatum

90
Q

The putamen and globus pallidus together are called what?

A

the lenticular nucleus

91
Q

Two additional nuclei in the cerebral hemispheres, the ______ and the _______, are part of the basal ganglia neural circuit

A

subthalamic nucleus

substantia nigra

92
Q

How many ventricles are in the brain? Where are they located?

A

4:

  • the first and second ventricles are located in the cerebral hemispheres
  • the third ventricle that is a midline slit in the diencephalon between the left and right thalamus
  • the fourth ventricle located posterior to the pons and medulla and anterior to the cerebellum
93
Q

The lateral ventricles are connected to the 3rd ventricle by what?

A

the interventricular foramina

94
Q

The third and fourth ventricles are connected by what?

A

the cerebral (sylvian) aqueduct

95
Q

Within the ventricles the CSF is secreted by what?

A

the choroid plexus

96
Q

CSF exits the fourth ventricle through the ____ foramina and the ____ foramen where it continues to circulate around the CNS as the ____ canal.

A

lateral

medial

central

97
Q

What are the 3 meninges from internal to external?

A
  • Pia
  • Arachnoid
  • Dura
98
Q

What are the 2 dura projections that separate parts of the brain?

A

falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

99
Q

What supplies the anterior two thirds of the spinal cord with blood?

A

the anterior spinal artery

100
Q

What supplies the posterior third of the spinal cord with blood?

A

the posterior spinal artery

101
Q

The spinal arteries receive blood via what arteries?

A

The vertebral and medullary arteries

102
Q

What 2 pairs of arteries supply blood to the brain?

A

2 internal carotid arteries

2 vertebral arteries

103
Q

The internal carotid arteries supply blood to what parts of the brain?

A

most of the cerebrum

104
Q

The vertebral arteries supply blood to what parts of the brain?

A

the occipital and inferior temporal lobes and to the brainstem/cerebellar region

105
Q

What is the circle of Willis?

A

an anastomotic ring of 9 arteries, which supply all of the blood to the cerebral hemispheres

106
Q

What are the 9 arteries that are part of the circle of Willis?

A
  • right and left anterior cerebral arteries
  • anterior communicating artery
  • right and left internal carotid arteries
  • right and left posterior cerebral arteries
  • right and left posterior communicating arteries

632: Neuroanatomy-Neuroscience (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions