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632: Neuroanatomy-Neuroscience > Brainstem Region > Flashcards

Brainstem Region Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 vertical tracts travel through the brainstem?

A

Sensory, autonomic, and motor

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2
Q

What are the 2 longitudinal sections of the brainstem?

A

basilar and tegmentum

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3
Q

Midbrain has an additional longitudinal section, posterior to the tegmentum, called what?

A

the tectum

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4
Q

The tectum includes structures involved in what?

A

reflexive control of intrinsic and extrinsic eye muscles and in movements of the head

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5
Q

The basilar is located ____ and contains mostly ____ system structures.

A

anteriorly

motor

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6
Q

List the structures running through the basilar part of the brainstem

A
  • Descending axons from the cerebral cortex (corticospinal, corticobulbar, corticopontine, corticoreticular tracts)
  • Motor nuclei (substantia nigra, pontine nuclei, inferior olive)
  • Pontocerebellar axons
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7
Q

The tegmentum is located ____

A

posteriorlyy

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8
Q

List the structures located in the tegmentum part of the brainstem

A
  • The reticular formation
  • Sensory nuclei and ascending sensory tracts
  • Cranial nerve nuclei
  • The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)
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9
Q

What 3 things does the reticular formation do?

A
  • Integrates sensory and cortical information
  • Regulates somatic motor activity, autonomic function, and consciousness
  • Modulates nociceptive (pain) information
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10
Q

What are the 4 major reticular nuclei?

A
  • Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
  • Pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN)
  • Raphe nuclei
  • Locus ceruleus and medial reticular area
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11
Q

The ventral tegmentum produces what NT?

A

dopamine

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12
Q

Activation of the ventral tegmental area affects what? What does this produce

A

the ventral striatum, which produces feelings of pleasure and reward

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13
Q

The pedunculopontine nucleus produces what NT?

A

ACh

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14
Q

Where do ascending axons from the PPN project to?

A

the inferior part of the frontal cerebral cortex and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus

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15
Q

The PPN influences movement via what 3 connections?

A
  • Globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus
  • Limbic system
  • Reticular areas that give rise to reticulospinal tracts
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16
Q

The raphe nuclei produce what NT?

A

Serotonin

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17
Q

Where do the raphe nuclei supply serotonin to?

A

the cerebral cortex, thalamus, tectum, cerebellum and spinal cord

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18
Q

What NT does the locus ceruleus and medial reticular area produce?

A

Norepinephrine

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19
Q

What do the ascending axons of from the locus ceruleus provide?

A

The ability to direct attention

20
Q

What do the descending axons of from the locus ceruleus form?

A

the ceruleospinal tract as part of non-specific UMNs

21
Q

What does the medial reticular zone regulate?

A

autonomic functions (cardiovascular, respiratory and visceral)

22
Q

What are the main effects of dopamine?

A
  • pleasure seeking
  • motor control (movement)
  • hunger
23
Q

What are the main effects of serotonin?

A
  • impulsivity
  • moral decision making
  • obsessive-compulsive
24
Q

What are the main effects of norepinephrine?

A

sympathetic stimulation (fight or flight)

25
Q

Define Consciousness

A

awareness of self and surroundings

26
Q

What does the consciousness system govern?

A

alertness, sleep, and attention

27
Q

What are the brainstem components of the consciousness system?

A

The reticular formation and its ascending reticular activating system

28
Q

What are the 2 vertical bulges on the medulla called?

A

pyramids

29
Q

What are the 2 small, oval lumps lateral to the pyramids called?

A

olives

30
Q

Which cranial nerve connects with the medulla between the pyramid and the olive?

A

XII

31
Q

What axons form the pyramids in the lower medulla?

A

the descending axons of the corticospinal tract

32
Q

In the upper medulla the tracts that are located in the rostral part of the medullar are in approximately the same positions except for which one?

A

The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) which is located more posteriorly

33
Q

Most CN nuclei in the rostral medulla are clustered in the ____ section

A

dorsal

34
Q

What are the 3 functions of the medulla?

A
  • Controlling head movements
  • Coordinating swallowing
  • Helping regulate cardiovascular, respiratory, and visceral activity
35
Q

What are the only 2 tracts that synapse in the pons?

A
  • conticopontine

- some corticobrainstem

36
Q

The pons process motor information from where? Where does it forward information to?

A

from the cerebral cortex and forwards the information to the cerebellum

37
Q

Pontine CN nuclei control contraction of muscles involved in what? What are the associated cranial nerves?

A
  • Facial expression (cranial nerve VII)
  • Lateral movement of the eye (cranial nerve VI)
  • Chewing (cranial nerve V)
38
Q

The midbrain connects the pons to what structure?

A

the diencephalon

39
Q

What are the 3 regions of the midbrain from anterior to posterior?

A
  • Basis pedunculi
  • Tegmentum
  • Tectum
40
Q

What structure is formed by the cerebral peduncles and the substantia nigra?

A

Midbrain Basis Pedunculi

41
Q

What does the midbrain tegmentum contain?

A
  • sensory tracts
  • superior cerebellar peduncle
  • red nucleus
  • PPN
  • the nuclei of cranial nerves III and IV
42
Q

What does the midbrain tectum contain?

A
  • the pretectal area

- the colliculi

43
Q

What reflexes is the pretectal area involved in?

A

The pupillary, consensual, and accommodation reflexes of the eye.

44
Q

What do the inferior colliculi do?

A

relay auditory information from the cochlear nuclei to the superior colliculus and to the medial geniculate body of the thalamus

45
Q

What are the superior colliculi involved in?

A

reflexive eye and head movements

46
Q

The function of which brain structure is completely dependent on input and output connections with the brainstem?

A

Cerebellum

47
Q

What are the 3 cerebellar functions?

A
  • Coordination of movement
  • Motor planning
  • Cognitive functions, including rapid shifts of attention

632: Neuroanatomy-Neuroscience (26 decks)

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