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632: Neuroanatomy-Neuroscience > Cerebrum > Flashcards

Cerebrum Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cerebrum consist of?

A

the diencephalon and the cerebral hemispheres

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2
Q

What is the cerebrum involved in?

A
  • perception
  • voluntary movements
  • using language and nonverbal communication
  • understanding spatial relationship
  • using visual information
  • making decisions
  • consciousness
  • emotions
  • mind-body interactions
  • memory
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3
Q

What is the laymen’s definition of cognition?

A

the process of knowing

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4
Q

What is the neurobiological definition of cognition?

A

the neural processes by which the brain integrates meaningful stimuli, memory, and internal motivations producing perceptional awareness and appropriate behavior

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5
Q

What are the 4 structures of the diencephalon?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
  • Subthalamus

*all structures with the term thalamus in their names

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6
Q

Where does the hypothalamus sit in reference to the thalamus?

A

inferior and anterior to it

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7
Q

Where does the epithalamus sit in reference to the thalamus?

A

superior and posterior to it

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8
Q

Where does the subthalamus sit in reference to the thalamus?

A

inferolateral to it

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9
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

A large egg-shaped collection of nuclei above the brainstem bilaterally

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10
Q

What are the 3 major anatomical groups of nuclei in the thalamus?

A

anterior
medial
lateral

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11
Q

The lateral group of nuclei is further divided into ____ and _____ tiers

A

dorsal and ventral

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12
Q

What are the 3 main functional groups of thalamic nuclei?

A
  • Relay
  • Association
  • Nonspecific
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13
Q

What do relay nuclei do?

A

convey information from the sensory systems (except olfactory), the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex

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14
Q

Where are all relay nuclei found?

A

in the ventral tier of the lateral group

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15
Q

What do association nuclei do?

A

process emotional and some memory information or integrate different types of sensation

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16
Q

What do nonspecific nuclei do?

A

regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention

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17
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

it integrates behaviors with visceral functions

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18
Q

What are 5 functions that are orchestrated by the hypothalamus?

A
  • Maintaining homeostasis
  • Eating, reproductive, and defensive behaviors
  • Emotional expression of pleasure, rage, fear, and aversion
  • Regulation of circadian rhythms in concert with other brain regions
  • Endocrine regulation of growth, metabolism, and reproductive organs
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19
Q

What is the major gland in the epithalamus?

A

the pineal gland

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20
Q

What is the pineal gland involved in?

A

regulating the circadian rhythms and influencing the secretions of the pituitary gland, adrenal and parathyroid glands, and the islets of Langerhans

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21
Q

The subthalamus is located ______ to the substantia nigra of the midbrain

A

superior

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22
Q

What is the subthalamus part of?

A

The basal ganglia

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23
Q

What is the subthalamus involved in?

A

regulating movement

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24
Q

What does the subthalamus facilitate?

A

basal ganglia output nuclei

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25
Q

What does the cerebral hemisphere consist of?

A
  • subcortical structures

- cerebral cortex

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26
Q

What do the subcortical structures consist of?

A

subcortical white matters

  • basal ganglia
  • amygdala
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27
Q

What are the 3 categories of subcortical white matter?

A
  • Projection fibers
  • Commissural fibers
  • Association fibers
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28
Q

Where do the projection fibers extend to and from?

A

Extend from subcortical structures to the cerebral cortex and from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, brainstem, brainstem and thalamus.

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29
Q

What are 3 examples of projection fibers?

A
  • thalamocortical
  • corticospinal
  • corticobrainstem
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30
Q

What do commissural fibers do?

A

Connect homologous areas of the cerebral hemispheres

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31
Q

What is the largest group of commissural fibers?

A

Corpus callosum

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32
Q

What do association fibers do?

A

Connect cortical regions within one hemisphere

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33
Q

What do short association fibers connect?

A

adjacent gyri

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34
Q

What do long association fibers connect?

A

lobes within one hemisphere

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35
Q

What do the basal ganglia do?

A

They sequence movements, regulate muscle tone and muscle force, select and inhibit specific motor synergies, and are involved with cognitive functions

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36
Q

The cerebral cortex is a vast collection of what?

A

cell bodies, axons and dendrites covering the surface of the cerebral hemispheres

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37
Q

What are the 3 most common types of cortical neurons?

A
  • Pyramidal
  • Fusiform
  • Stellate cells
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38
Q

What are the 6 layers of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • molecular layer
  • external granular layer
  • external pyramidal layer
  • internal granular layer
  • internal pyramidal layer
  • multiform layer
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39
Q

There are how many distinctive histological areas (cytoarchitectonic) in the cortex?

A

52

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40
Q

What are the 5 categories of the cerebral cortex that are identified based on functions?

A
  • Primary sensory cortex
  • Secondary sensory cortex
  • Primary motor cortex
  • Motor planning areas
  • Association cortex
41
Q

What does the primary sensory cortex do?

A

Discriminates among different intensities and qualities of sensory information

42
Q

What does the secondary sensory cortex do?

A

Performs more complex analysis of sensation.

43
Q

What does the primary motor cortex do?

A

Provides descending control of motor output.

44
Q

What do motor planning areas do?

A

Organize movements

45
Q

What does the association cortex do?

A

Controls behavior, interprets sensation, and processes emotions and memories

46
Q

What are the 4 primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • primary somatosensory
  • primary auditory
  • primary visual
  • primary vestibular
47
Q

What does the primary somatosensory cortex do?

A

Discriminates shape, texture, or size of objects

48
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex receives information from tactile and proprioceptive receptors via a three-neuron pathway. What are these 3 neurons?

A
  • Peripheral afferent/dorsal column neuron
  • Medial lemniscus neuron
  • Thalamocortical neuron
49
Q

What does the primary auditory cortex do?

A

Conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of sounds

50
Q

What does the primary vestibular cortex do?

A

discriminates among head positions and head movements

51
Q

What does the primary visual cortex do?

A

Distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, and location of objects

52
Q

Describe the pathway via which visual information travels to the cortex

A

from the retina to the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus, then to the primary visual cortex

53
Q

What are the 3 secondary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • secondary somatosensory
  • secondary visual
  • secondary auditory
54
Q

What is the function of the secondary somatosensory area?

A

sterognosis and memory of the tactile and spatial environment

55
Q

What is the function of the secondary visual area?

A

analysis of motion and color and control of visual fixation

56
Q

What is the function of the secondary auditory area?

A

Classification of sounds

57
Q

The primary motor cortex is the source of most neurons in the _______ tract

A

corticospinal

58
Q

What does the primary motor cortex control?

A

contralateral voluntary movements, particularly the fine movements of the hand and face

59
Q

Is a greater proportion of the total area of the primary motor cortex devoted to neurons that control the hands and face or the trunk and proximal limbs?

A

hands and face

60
Q

The motor planning areas are part of the cortex _____ to the primary motor cortex

A

anterior

61
Q

What are the 3 motor planning areas?

A
  • Supplementary motor area
  • Premotor area
  • Broca’s area
62
Q

What is the supplementary motor area important for?

A

the initiation of movement, orientation of the eyes and head, and planning bimanual and sequential movements

63
Q

What does the premotor area control?

A

trunk and girdle muscles via the medial upper motor neurons

64
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for?

A

planning movements of the mouth during speech and the grammatical aspects of language

65
Q

Broca’s area is usually found in the ___ hemisphere

A

left

66
Q

The cortex not directly involved with sensation or movement is called the ______ cortex

A

association

67
Q

__% of the cerebral mantle is comprised of primary sensory and motor cortex
__% is termed associational cortex

A

25

75

68
Q

What are 3 association areas of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • dorsolateral prefrontal association
  • parietotemporal association
  • ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association
69
Q

What are the functions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

A

self-awareness and executive functions

70
Q

What are the functions of the pareitotemporal prefrontal cortex?

A
  • cognitive intelligence
  • sensory integration
  • problem solving
  • understanding language and special relationships
71
Q

What are the functions of the ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association cortex?

A
  • impulse control
  • reactions to surroundings
  • emotion
  • motivation
  • personality
72
Q

_______ prefrontal association area connects with areas that regulate mood and affect.

A

Ventral

73
Q

_____ dorsal prefrontal cortex perceives other’s emotions and makes assumptions about what other people believe and their intentions.

A

Medial

74
Q

What is emotion?

A

a short-term subjective experience

75
Q

What is mood?

A

a sustained, subjective, ongoing emotional experience

76
Q

What are the 4 structures that recognize emotional stimuli and generate and perceive emotions?

A
  • Amygdala
  • Area 25 + Mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus
  • Ventral striatum
  • Anterior insula
77
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

Detects emotional & social cues

Generates feelings of fear and disgust

78
Q

What does area 25 + mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus do?

A

generate sad mood and depression

79
Q

What does the ventral striatum do?

A

reward oriented behavior and responses to conditioned stimuli

80
Q

What does the anterior insula do?

A

awareness of emotions and of stimuli inside the body

81
Q

Making decisions depends on what 3 things?

A
  • Stimulus coding system
  • Action selection system
  • Expected reward system
82
Q

When making a decision where the outcome is uncertain, the ____ loop is active

A

limbic

83
Q

What are the 3 systems that create the stress response?

A
  • Somatic nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Neuroendocrine system
84
Q

What are the 3 types of memory?

A
  • Working
  • Declarative
  • Procedural
85
Q

What does working memory involve?

A

temporary storage and manipulation of information

86
Q

Which 2 cortices maintain, manipulate, and update information in working memory?

A

Prefrontal cortex and the parietotemporal association cortex

87
Q

What does declarative memory involve?

A

facts, events, concepts, and locations

88
Q

What are the 3 stages of declarative memory?

A
  • Encoding
  • Consolidation
  • Retrieval
89
Q

What does procedural memory involve?

A

knowledge of how to do actions and skills

90
Q

What is required to store procedural memories?

A

practice

91
Q

What are the 3 stages of procedural memory for motor learning?

A
  • Cognitive
  • Associative
  • Automatic
92
Q

Where does comprehension of the spoken language occur?

A

Wernicke’s area

93
Q

Broca’s area is found ______ to Wernicke’s area.

A

anterior

94
Q

What is perception?

A

The interpretation of sensation into meaningful forms

95
Q

Perception is an active process, requiring interaction among what 3 things?

A

the brain, the body, and the environment

96
Q

Wernicke’s area also comprehends what?

A

Spatial Perception

97
Q

After visual information is processed by the secondary visual cortex what are the 2 directions in which it flows?

A
  • Dorsally

- Ventrally

98
Q

The dorsally directed visual stream is an ____ stream to which lobe?

A

action

frontal

99
Q

The ventrally directed visual stream is a ____ stream to which lobe?

A

perceptual

temporal

632: Neuroanatomy-Neuroscience (26 decks)

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