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632: Neuroanatomy-Neuroscience > Cerebrum Clinical Application > Flashcards

Cerebrum Clinical Application Flashcards

1
Q

What is mostly affected following thalamic lesion?

A

proprioception

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2
Q

Occlusion or hemorrhage of arteries supplying the ____ capsule of subcortical white matter are common

A

internal

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3
Q

What is performed in cases of intractable epilepsy?

A

callosotomy

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4
Q

What do lesions or dysfunctions of the caudate/ventral striatum cause?

A

behavioral disturbances

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5
Q

What is the most common behavioral abnormality secondary to caudate damage?

A

apathy

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6
Q

Excessive activity of the circuit connecting the caudate, anterior cingulate cortex, and ventral prefrontal cortex is correlated with what?

A

OCD

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7
Q

What is the result of lesions in the primary somatosensory area?

A

loss of tactile localization and conscious proprioception

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8
Q

What is the result of lesions in the primary auditory area?

A

loss of localization of sounds

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9
Q

What is the result of lesions in the primary visual area?

A

homonymous hemianopia

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10
Q

What is the result of lesions in the primary vestibular area?

A

change in awareness of head position and movement

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11
Q

What is Agnosia?

A

the inability to recognize objects when using a specific sense, even though discriminative ability with that sense is intact

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12
Q

What are 3 forms of agnosia?

A
  • Astereognosis
  • Visual agnosia
  • Auditory agnosia
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13
Q

What is Astereognosis?

A

the inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation, despite intact discriminative somatosensation

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14
Q

What is Visual agnosia?

A

The inability to visually recognize objects, despite having intact vision

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15
Q

What does a person who is unable to identify faces visually, despite being able to interpret emotional facial expressions and being able to recognize visually other items in the environment have?

A

Prosopagnosia

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16
Q

Destruction of the ____ auditory cortex causes auditory agnoisa

A

secondary

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17
Q

What results if there is a lesion to the left secondary auditory cortex?

A

the person is unable to understand speech

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18
Q

What results if there is a lesion to the right secondary auditory cortex?

A

The person is unable to interpret environmental sounds

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19
Q

What is apraxia?

A

motor agnosia

- the knowledge of how to perform skilled movement is lost

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20
Q

What does constructional apraxia impair?

A

the ability to draw and to arrange objects correctly in space

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21
Q

What is motor perseveration?

A

the uncontrollable repetition of a movement

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22
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

difficulty expressing oneself using language or symbols

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23
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

difficult or unclear articulation of speech that is otherwise linguistically normal

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24
Q

What does dysarthria result from?

A

spasticity or paresis of the muscles used for speaking

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25
Q

What are the 2 types of dysarthria?

A

Spastic dysarthria

Flaccid dysarthria

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26
Q

Spastic dysarthria is caused by damage to the _____ motor neurons.

A

upper

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27
Q

What is spastic dysarthria characterized by?

A

harsh, awkward speech

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28
Q

Flaccid dysarthria is caused by damage to the _____ motor neurons.

A

lower

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29
Q

What is flaccid dysarthria characterized by?

A

paresis of speech muscles

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30
Q

What are the 4 A’s of cerebral cortex damage?

A
  • aphasia
  • apraxia
  • agnosia
  • astereognosis
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31
Q

What is the result of lesion to the dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex?

A

loss of executive function and divergent thinking

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32
Q

What is the result of lesion to the parietotemporal association cortex?

A
  • inability to handle new information effectively
  • inability to distinguish relevant from irrelevant information
  • difficulty generalizing information
  • become upset with even minor changes in routine
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33
Q

What is the result of lesion to the parietotemporal association cortex in the left hemisphere?

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

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34
Q

What is the result of lesion to the parietotemporal association cortex in the right hemisphere?

A

neglect and/or difficulty understanding nonverbal communication

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35
Q

What is the result of lesion to the ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association cortex?

A

disturbances of personality and emotions

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36
Q

What do lesions that affect the somatic marker circuitry cause?

A

poor judgment

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37
Q

What is emotional lability?

A

the abnormal, uncontrolled expression of emotions

38
Q

What are the 3 aspects of emotional lability?

A
  • Abrupt mood shifts, usually to anger, depression or anxiety
  • Involuntary, inappropriate emotional expression in the absence of subjective emotion
  • Emotion, triggered by nonspecific stimuli unrelated to the emotional expression
39
Q

The reward pathway comprises dopamine neurons from where to where?

A

the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the ventral striatum

40
Q

What is the “motivation” neurotransmitter?

A

dopamine

41
Q

What can be defined as the loss of behavioral control in response to a stimulus combined with the continued use of a substance, regardless of the negative consequences?

A

Addiction

42
Q

The loss of declarative memory is called what?

A

amnesia

43
Q

What are 3 language disorders? What do each affect?

A
  • Aphasia: spoken language
  • Alexia: comprehension of written language
  • Agraphia: the ability to write
44
Q

What are 4 common types of aphasia?

A
  • Broca’s
  • Wernicke’s
  • Conduction
  • Global
45
Q

Describe Broca’s aphasia

A

difficulty expressing or using language

46
Q

Describe Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Impaired language comprehension

47
Q

What is conduction aphasia the result of?

A

damage to the neurons that connect Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas

48
Q

What is global aphasia?

A

The inability to use language in any form

49
Q

Damage to the right cortex in the area corresponding to Broca’s area may cause what?

A

flat affect

50
Q

What is neglect?

A

the tendency to behave as if one side of the body and/or one side of space does not exist

51
Q

What side of the body does neglect often affect?

A

the left side

52
Q

What are 2 types of neglect?

A

Personal and Spatial

53
Q

What is personal neglect?

A

Unilateral lack of awareness of sensory stimuli, personal hygiene and grooming, movement of the limbs

54
Q

What is spatial neglect?

A

Unilateral lack of understanding of spatial relationships, resulting in a deranged internal representation of space

55
Q

What is lateropulsion?

A

the powerful pushing away from the less paretic side in sitting, as well as during transfers, standing, and walking

56
Q

What does loss of consciousness result from? (2 things)

A
  • the movement of the cerebral hemispheres relative to the brainstem (causing torque of the brainstem)
  • an abrupt increase in intracranial pressure
57
Q

ADHD affects -% of children and -% of adults.

A

2-6

2-4

58
Q

Girls with ADHD are more likely to be _____ than are boys.

A

inattentive

59
Q

Boys with ADHD tend to be what?

A

hyperactive or impulsive

60
Q

What are Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)?

A

the abnormal anatomy and connectivity of the limbic and striatal social brain systems

61
Q

What causes ASD?

A

An immune attack on brain proteins, in addition to genetic factors

62
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

sudden attacks of excessive cortical neuronal discharge, interfering with brain function

63
Q

What are the 2 main types of generalized epileptic seizures?

A
  • Absence seizures

- Tonic-clonic seizures

64
Q

What 3 things reduce the capability for understanding and reasoning?

A

Cognitive disability, dementia, and dyslexia

65
Q

What are 2 common causes of cognitive disability?

A
  • trisomy 21

- untreated phenylketonuria

66
Q

What is trisomy 21 aka?

A

Down’s syndrome

67
Q

What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A

an autosomal recessive defect in metabolism, resulting in the retention of a common amino acid, phenylalanine (PHE)

68
Q

What does an accumulation of PHE result in?

A

demyelination and, later, neuronal loss

69
Q

What are the most common causes of dementia?

A
  • multiple infarcts
  • Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
  • diffuse Lewy body disease
  • Parkinson’s dementia
  • chronic traumatic encephalopathy
70
Q

What causes Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Altered brain endothelial cells which leads to blood-brain barrier malfunction and release factors injurious or toxic to neurons

71
Q

What is the most common learning disability?

A

dyslexia

72
Q

What is alien hand syndrome?

A

the involuntary, uncontrollable movement of the upper limb

73
Q

What may cause alien hand syndrome?

A

damage to a variety of cortical and subcortical structures or by callosotomy

74
Q

What are the 3 approaches to recovering from a stroke?

A
  • Compensation approaches
  • Remediation approaches
  • Motor control approaches
75
Q

What are somatoform disorders?

A

Emotional distress that is subconsciously converted into physical symptoms

76
Q

_______ disorders are described as inflexible, maladaptive patterns of inner experience and behavior.

A

Personality

77
Q

What are the 3 general types of personality disorders?

A
  • eccentric
  • acting out
  • fearful
78
Q

What are delusions?

A

false beliefs, despite evidence to the contrary

79
Q

What are hallucinations?

A

sensory perceptions experienced without corresponding sensory stimuli

80
Q

What is mania?

A

excessive excitement, euphoria, delusions, and overactivity

81
Q

What is depression?

A

a syndrome of hopelessness and a sense of worthlessness, with aberrant thoughts and behavior

82
Q

People with depression have reduced levels of _____ metabolites in their cerebrospinal fluid.

A

serotonin

83
Q

What is anxiety?

A

the feeling of tension or uneasiness that accompanies anticipating danger

84
Q

What is panic disorder?

A

An episode of intense fear that begins abruptly and lasts 10 to 15 minutes.

85
Q

People with OCD have _____ activity in dorsal, cognitive prefrontal areas combined with
______ activity in ventral, emotion-related prefrontal-striate circuits, and ______ amygdala activity.

A

decreased

increased

increased

86
Q

What can defined as a group of disorders consisting of disordered thinking, delusions, hallucinations, lack of motivation, apathy, and social withdrawal?

A

Schizophrenia

87
Q

What are neural prostheses?

A

devices that substitute for a diseased or an injured part of the nervous system to enhance function

88
Q

What are 2 examples of neural prostheses?

A

deep-brain stimulation (DBS) and brain-computer interfaces

89
Q

Deep-Brain Stimulation is most frequently used by those with what disease?

A

Parkinson’s

90
Q

Deep-Brain Stimulation to which areas of the brain are effective in treating depression?

A

ventral striatum or area 25

632: Neuroanatomy-Neuroscience (26 decks)

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