Visual perceptions

Question 1

Definition of perception.

Answer 1

perception is interpretation of our senses.

Question 2

What is perception influenced by?

Answer 2

Perception is influenced by stimuli in the environment and previous knowledge and expectations.

Question 3

What do we rely on for perception?

Answer 3

Perception relies on higher level processes like attention and memory and low level processes like information from the stimuli.

Question 4

What is included in high level processing?

Answer 4

High level processing includes attention and expectations.

Question 5

What are the two main theories of perception?

Answer 5

The two main theories of perception is bottom-up processing and top-down processing.

Bottom-up processing = is known as stimulus driven processing as perception starts with the stimulus.

Question 6

Definition of bottom-up processing?

Answer 6

Bottom-up processing is known as stimulus/data driven processing because perception starts with the stimulus.

Question 7

How does bottom-up processing work?

Answer 7

According to bottom-up theory, we do need prior information to form perceptions. Also, bottom-up processing begins in the sensory receptor and moves to the brain in one direction e.g. starts in retina and moves to visual cortex in one direction.

Question 8

Definition of top-down processing?

Answer 8

Top-down processing = is known as conceptually driven processes. It refers to the brain’s use of knowledge, expectations, memory and other higher level precesses to interpret sensory information.

Question 9

How does top-down processing work?

Answer 9

Top-down processing is conceptually-driven process and refers to the brain’s use of knowledge, expectations, memory and other higher level processes to interpret sensory information. Gregory was the main psychologist who believed in top down processing. According to Gregory, interpretation of stimulus information requires higher level processes because stimulus information is unclear and open to more than one interpretation so our perceptions our hypothesis based on previous experience and knowledge. When we receive stimulus information, it is combined with previous knowledge and expectations to interpret sensory information but these perceptions our hypothesis.

Question 10

What did Gibson believe about perception?

Answer 10

Gibson believe that perception involves innate mechanisms and does not require learning. Also, Gibson believed that bottom-up processing is necessary for survival and that we have enough information in the environment to make sense of the world and no prior knowledge is needed. Gibson believed that optic array tells us all the information we need for perception. Optic array is pattern of light reaching the eye. According to Gibson, optic array is clear and not open to more than one interpretation. Changes in flow of optic array tells us what type of movement is taking place.

Question 11

what did Gibson believe in terms of sensory information?

Answer 11

In bottom-up processing, sensory information moves in one direction from sensory receptors to brain.

Question 12

What did gibbons believe in terms of the importance of bottom up processing?

Answer 12

Gibson believed that bottom-up processing is necessary for survival and that it is direct, as we have enough information in the environment to make sense of the world and we do not require prior knowledge. Also, Gibson who was the main psychologist for bottom-up processing believed that perception involves innate mechanism and does not require learning. Gibson believed that we get all the information we need from the optic array for perception. The optic array is a pattern of light reaching the eye. Gibson believed that the optic array is clear and not open to more than one interpretation. The change in flow of optic array tells us what type of movement is taking place.

Question 13

What is the difference between top-down processing and bottom-up processing?

Answer 13

Bottom-up processing is known as stimulus driven processing as perception starts with the stimulus. Whereas top-down processing involves prior knowledge and expectations to form a perception.

Question 14

What does Gibson believe in terms of bottom-up processing providing all information needed?

Answer 14

According to bottom-up theory, Gibson believed that the optic array provides all the information we need for perception. Also, the optic array is clear and not open to more than one interpretation.

Question 15

Definition of optic array

Answer 15

Optic array = pattern of light reaching the eye. According to bottom-up theory, Gibson believed optic array tells us all the information we need for perception. it is clear and not open to more than one interpretation. Changes in flow of optic array tell us what type of movement is taking place.

Question 16

How does optic array relate to bottom up processing and Gibson?

Answer 16

According to bottom-up theory, Gibson who was the main psychologist who supported bottom-up theory and believed that perception involves innate mechanism that does not require learning, bottom-up processing is necessary for survival and we have all the information we need in the environment to form perceptions. Gibson believed that optic array tells us all the information we need for perception. Optic array is the pattern of light reaching the eye. the optic array is clear and not open to more than one interpretation. Also, changes in flow of optic array tell us what type of movement is taking place.

Question 17

For visual processing, what stimulates the retina?

Answer 17

for visual processing, light stimulates the retina.

Question 18

How does stimulus information move in bottom-up processing?

Answer 18

In bottom-up processing, stimulus is picked up from the sensory receptor and the information travels to the brain in one direction.

Question 19

How would you describe optic array?

Answer 19

Optic array is a pattern of light reaching the eye. According to bottom-up theory, Gibson believed that the optic array tells us all the information we need for perception. Optic array is clear and not open to more than one interpretation. Changes in flow of the optic array tells us what type of movement is taking place.

Question 20

What does changes in flow of optic array mean?

Answer 20

Changes in flow of the optic array tells us what type of movement is taking place. optic array is the pattern of light reaching the eye. According to bottom-up theory, Gibson believed we get all the information we need for perception from optic array. Optic array is clear and not open to more than one interpretation.

Question 21

How would you know what type of movement is occurring from optic array?

Answer 21

Optic array is the pattern of light reaching the eye, according to bottom up theory and Gibson, we get all the information we need from optic array and it is clear and not open to more than one interpretation. We know what type of movement is occurring from optic array by the changes in the flow of the optic array.

Question 22

How does top-down processing work?

Answer 22

In top-down processing we use higher level processes like expectations and previous knowledge to interpret sensory information.

Question 23

Who was the main psychologist that believed in top-down processing?

Answer 23

Gregory was the main psychologist who supported top-down processing. Gregory believed that perception is a constructive process that relies on top-down processing. Gregory believed that information in our environment is ambiguous so we our perceptions that we form are predications based on prior information and experiences. Also, when we receive stimulus information, it is combined with previously stored informed due to experience.

Question 24

What did Gregory believe about information given to use by our senses? (stimuli)

Answer 24

According to top-down processing, Gregory who was the main psychologist who supported top-down theory believed that stimulus information is unclear and open to more than one interpretation so in order to interpret sensory information we use higher level processes. Also, our perceptions are hypothesis based on previous knowledge and experience. When we receive stimulus information it is combined with previously stored information due to prior experience. Gregory believed that our perceptions our hypothesis based on previous experiences and that perception is a constructive process that requires on top-down processes.

Question 25

What did Gregory believe in terms of what we did with stimuli information?

Answer 25

According to top-down theory, we need higher level processes to interpret stimulus information because Gregory who was the main psychologist who supported the top-down theory believed that stimulus information is unclear and open to more than one interpretation. So our perceptions our hypothesis based on previous knowledge and experiences. When we receive stimulus information, it is combined with previously stored information due to prior experience. Top down processing is known as conceptually driven processing and it refers to the brain’s use of knowledge, memory, expectations and other higher level processes to interpret stimulus information. According to top-down theory we use higher level information to make sense of stimulus information and the information in the environment is unclear and that our perceptions our hypothesis based on previous knowledge and experience. Also, gregory believed that perception is a constructive process that relies on top-down processes.

Question 26

In top-down theory, what is perceptions?

Answer 26

According to Gregory, in top down processing perceptions are hypothesis based on previous experience and expectations.

Question 27

Definition of visual perceptions.

Answer 27

Visual perception is the brain’s ability to receive and interpret information received from the eyes. Visual perception involves perceptual decision making which takes place in many areas of the brain. Perceptual decision making is the act of choosing one option from a set of other options based on available sensory evidence. the more complex the sensory information is, the harder the perceptual decision making is and the more areas of the brain are involved in perceptual decision making. To achieve visual perception, the brain must extract relevant information from retina, encode information in visual cortex and recruit higher level processes to make perceptual choice.

Question 28

What does visual perceptions involve?

Answer 28

Visual perception is the brain’s ability to receive and interpret information received from the eyes. Visual perception involves perceptual decision making which takes place in many areas of the brain. Perceptual decision making is the act of choosing one option from a set of other options based on available sensory evidence. To achieve visual perception, you extract relevant information from retina, encode sensory information from visual cortex and recruit higher level processes to make a perceptual choice.

Question 29

Definition of perceptual decision making.

Answer 29

Visual perception requires perceptual decision making. Perceptual decision making is the act of choosing one option from a set of other options based on sensory evidence available. Perceptual decision making takes place in many areas of the brain. The more complex the sensory information is, the harder the perceptual decision making and the more areas of the brain is involved. To achieve visual perception, the brain must extract relevant information from retina, encode information in visual cortex and recruit higher level processes to make a perceptual decision.

Question 30

What does it mean when sensory information is more complex?

Answer 30

Visual perception is the brain’s ability to receive and interpret information from the eyes. Visual perception involves perceptual decision making which takes place in many areas of the brain. Perceptual decision making is the act of choosing one option from a set of other options based on sensory evidence available. The more complex the sensory information is the more areas involved in perceptual decision making and the harder the perceptual decision making is. To achieve visual perception, the brain must extract relevant information from retina, encode information in visual cortex and recruit higher level processes to make a perceptual decision.

Question 31

How do you achieve visual perception?

Answer 31

Visual perception is the brain’s ability to receive and interpret information received by the eyes. visual perception involves perceptual decision making which takes place in many areas of the brain. Perceptual decision making is the act of choosing one option from a set of other options based on available sensory evidence. The more complex the sensory information is, the harder the perceptual decision making is and the more areas of the brain are involved in the perceptual decision making. Both prior knowledge and sensory information is required to visual perception to occur, so both high level and low level processing is required for visual perception. Visual perception is created by an interaction between sensory information and prior knowledge. Visual perception involves perceptual decision making which takes place in at least two areas of the brain including the site and source. The site is the visual areas and the source is the higher order areas.

To achieve visual perception,

• extract relevant information from retina
• encode information in visual cortex
• recruit higher level processes to make a perceptual choice. (e.g. memory)

Question 32

Definition of visual illusions.

Answer 32

Visual illusion is an incorrect perception of an object. Visual illusion is a mismatch between objective properties and perceived properties. Visual illusion is useful for studying disease.

Question 33

Definition of ambiguous figures.

Answer 33

ambiguous figures = are pictures that change appearance when you look at it for a long time. this is because an unavoidable and sudden mental switch occurs when there are two or more equally likely interpretations of a picture. The top down interpretation for ambiguous figure is expectation and that the brain comes up with two equally likely hypothesis and cannot decide between the two interpretations so you can switch between each interpretation. the bottom-up explanation for ambiguous figures is visual adaption which is the change in perception due to new stimuli so it is easy to ignore old stimuli. visual adaption is necessary for survival and allows you to perceive quick changes in environment.

Question 34

Bottom-up explanation for ambiguous figures

Answer 34

The bottom up explanation of ambiguous figure is visual adaption which means a change in perception due to new stimuli so it is easy to ignore old stimuli. Visual adaption is important for survival as it allows us to perceive quick changes in the environment.

Question 35

Top-down explanation for ambiguous figures?

Answer 35

The top down explanation for ambiguous figures is expectation and that the brain comes up with two equally likely hypothesis for the picture and cannot decide between the two interpretations of the picture so you can switch between interpretations. Ambiguous figures are pictures that change shape when you look at it for a long time this is because of a mental switch that occurs automatically when there are two or more interpretations that are equally likely.

Question 36

What is involved in perceptual decision making?

Answer 36

Visual perception involves perceptual decision making based on sensory evidence available. at least two areas of the brain are involved in perceptual decision making, the site which is the visual areas and the source which is to do with higher level processes.

Question 37

What are the two areas involved in perceptual decision making?

Answer 37

the two areas that are involved in perceptual decision making include the site where visual areas are and source which is where higher level processes areas are.

Question 38

What are the properties of a visual illusion?

Answer 38

Visual illusion is a mismatch of objective properties and perceived properties.

Question 39

When people have a disease, why is there errors in perceptions (illusions)

Answer 39

visual illusion is an incorrect perception of an object. In disease, people can experience errors in perceptions so illusions because knowledge may be inappropriate or applied wrongly.

Question 40

What happens when you have an ambiguous figure?

Answer 40

an ambiguous figure is a picture that changes appearance after looking at it for a long time. This is because there is a mental switch that occurs suddenly and is unavoidable because there are two or more equally likely interpretations of the picture. the top down explanation for ambiguous figure is expectation and that the brain comes up with two equally likely hypothesis and the brain cannot decide between the two interpretations of the picture so you can switch between the interpretations.

Question 41

Why does a picture change appearance when you look at it for a long time?

Answer 41

A picture that changes appearance when you look at it for a long time is called an ambiguous figure because it changes appearance when you look at it for a long period of time. It changes appearance when you look at it for a long time because there is a mental switch that occurs when there are two or more interpretations of a picture that are equally likely. the top down explanation for ambiguous figure is

Question 42

Why does a picture change appearance when you look at it for a long time?

Answer 42

A picture that changes appearance when you look at it for a long time is called an ambiguous figure because it changes appearance when you look at it for a long period of time. It changes appearance when you look at it for a long time because there is a mental switch that occurs when there are two or more interpretations of a picture that are equally likely. the top down explanation for ambiguous figure is expectation and that the brain comes up with two equally likely hypothesis and the brain cannot decide between the two interpretations of the picture so you can switch between the interpretations. the bottom-up explanation for ambiguous figures is visual adaption which is a change in perception due to new stimuli so it is easy to ignore old stimuli. Visual adaption is important for survival and is good because it allows you to perceive quick changes in environment.

Question 43

Why is visual adaption good?

Answer 43

Visual adaption is the bottom-up explanation for ambiguous figures because it is a change in perception due to new stimuli so it is easy to ignore old stimuli. It is good because it is important for survival as it allows you to perceive quick changes in the environment.

Question 44

What is the difference between bottom-up and top down explanation for ambiguous figure?

Answer 44

Ambiguous figure is a change in appearance when you look at a picture for a long time, this is because there is a mental switch that occurs when there are two equally likely interpretations of the picture. The top-down explanation for ambiguous figure is expectation and the brain comes up with two equally likely hypothesis that the brain cannot decide between so you can switch between the interpretations of the picture. The bottom-up explanation for ambiguous figures is visual adaption which is a change in perception due to new stimuli so it is easy to ignore old stimuli. visual adaption is good as it is necessary for survival as it allows you to perceive quick changes in the environment.