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Neuromodulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of Neural plasticity.

A

Neural plasticity = neurones change their structure, function and organisation in response to experience.

The changes include strengthening or weakening nerve connections or adding new nerve cells.

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2
Q

How do neurones change in neural plasticity?

A

Neural plasticity = neurones structure, function and organisation changes in response to experiences. the changes of nerve cells include adding new nerve cells or strengthening or weakening nerve connections.

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3
Q

Describe neural plasticity as a whole.

A

Neural plasticity is when neurones change their structure, function and organisation in response to experience. The changes of nerve cells include strengthening or weakening nerve connections and adding new nerve cells.

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4
Q

What are the changes like in neural plasticity?

A

Neural plasticity is when neurones change structure, function and organisation in response to experiences. The changes include adding new nerve cells and strengthening and weakening nerve connections.

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5
Q

What do similar neurones do?

A

Neural plasticity is when neurones change structure, function and organisation due to experiences. The changes of nerve cells in neural plasticity include adding new nerve cells or strengthening or weakening of Nerve connections. Neurones that fire together, wire together. So neurones that have a similar structure, wire together

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6
Q

Definition of potentiation.

A

Potentiation is an increase in information flow.

Depression is a decrease in information.

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7
Q

Definition of depression.

A 
Depression = is a decrease in information. 
Potentiation = is an increase in information flow.
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8
Q

What is the difference between potentiation and depression?

A

The difference between potentiation and depression is that depression is a decrease in information and potentiation is an increase in information flow.

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9
Q

Where does neural plasticity occur?

A

Neural plasticity is when neurones change structure, function and organisation in response to experience. The changes to nerve cells include adding new nerve cells and strengthening or weakening nerve connections. Neurones that fire together, wire together. potentiation is an increase in information flow and depression is a decrease in information.

Neural plasticity can occur at synapses and it is called synaptic neural plasticity.

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10
Q

Definition of synaptic Neural plasticity?

A

Neural plasticity is when neurones change structure, function and organisation in response to new experience. The changes of nerve cells include adding new nerve cells or strengthening or weakening nerve connections. Neurones that fire together, wire together. Potentiation is an increase in information flow and depression is a decrease in information. Neural plasticity can occur at synapses, this is called synaptic neural plasticity.

Synaptic Neural Plasticity = is when neural plasticity occurs at synapses. Neural plasticity is a change of structure, function and organisation in neurones due to new experience. The changes include adding new nerve cells or strengthening or weakening nerve connections.

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11
Q

Can we improve behaviour and cognitive functions?

A

We change improve behaviour and cognitive function because the brain can adapt and change to changes in the environment. Without the ability of the brain being able to adapt, we would not be able to create, learn or consolidate memories and a person who has suffered a stroke would not be able to rehabilitate.

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12
Q

Why is it important that the brain can adapt/changes to changes in the environment?

A

We can improve behaviour and cognitive function because the brain can change and adapt to changes in the environment. Without the ability of the brain being able to change or adapt to changes in the environment, we would not be able to create, learn or consolidate memories and a person who has had a stroke would not be able to rehabilitate.

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13
Q

If the brain was not able to adapt to changes In the environment what would that mean?

A

The brain can adapt and change in response to changes in the environment. Without this ability:
- we wouldn’t be able to create, learn or consolidate memories.
- a person who has had a stroke would not be able to rehabilitate.
We can improve behaviour and cognitive function because the brain can adapt and change to changes in the environment.

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14
Q

What can the brain do that is important in terms of the environment?

A

The brain can adapt and change to changes in the environment. This is important because if the brain was not able to adaptively change to changes in the environment, we would not be able to create, learn or consolidate memories and a person who has had a stroke would not be able to rehabilitate.

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15
Q

How can you enhance brain function?

A

You can enhance brain function by brain stimulation. The two types of brain stimulation include TMS which is transcranial magnetic stimulation and tDCS which is Transcranail direct current stimulation.

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16
Q

What does TMS stand for?

A

TMS stands for transcranial magnetic stimulation. TMS is a type of supra threshold stimulation which causes neurones to fire. Supra-threshold stimulation causes neural depolarisation which means it causes action potentials or neurones to fire. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a type of supra-threshold stimulation so TMS causes neural depolarisation and causes neurons to fire (action potentials). Transcranial magnetic stimulation is safe and non-invasive brain stimulation tool and it is a type of supra-threshold stimulation which causes neurones to fire (action potential) or neural depolarisation. TMS research is interested in how excitably an area of the brain is when performing a task.

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17
Q

Definition of TMS.

A

TMS is transcranial magnetic stimulation, it is a safe and non-invasive brain stimulation method. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a type of supra-threshold stimulation which causes neurons to fire. TMS is a type of supra-threshold stimulation which causes neural depolarisation which means it causes action potentials or neurones to fire. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is interested in how excitably an area of the brain is when performing a task.

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18
Q

why is transcranial magnetic stimulation good?

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is good because it is safe and non-invasive. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a type of supra-threshold stimulation which means it causes neurones to fire (action potentials). So TMS is a type of supra-threshold stimulation which causes neural depolarisation which means it causes action potentials or neurons to fire. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is interested in how excitably an area of the brain is when performing a task.

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19
Q

What is TMS a type of?

A

TMS or transcanial magnetic stimulation is a non-invasive and safe brain stimulation tool. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a type of supra-threshold stimulation which means it causes neural stimulation so in order words it causes neurones to fire (action potentials). TMS research is interested in how excitably an area of the brain is when performing a task.

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20
Q

What does transcranial magnetic stimulation cause and why?

A

TMS or transcranial magnetic stimulation causes neurones to fire which is called neural depolarisation. Another word for neurones to fire is action potential so TMS drives action potentials. Transcranial Magnetic stimulation causes neurones to fire because TMS is a type of supra-threshold stimulation which means it causes neurones to fire.

Transcranial Magnetic stimulation = is a type of supra-threshold stimulation which causes neurones to fire.

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21
Q

Definition of supra-threshold stimulation.

A

Supra-Threshold stimulation = causes neurones to fire or causes neural depolarisation. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a type of supra-threshold stimulation which means TMS causes neural depolarisation or causes neurones to fire (action potential).

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22
Q

What does supra-threshold stimulation cause?

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a type of supra-threshold stimulation which causes neurones to fire. TMS causes neural depolarisation which means it drives action potentials. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a safe and non-invasive brain stimulation tool.

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23
Q

Definition of neuronal depolarisation.

A

Neural depolarisation = causes neurones to fire. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a type of supra-threshold stimulation which means it causes neural depolarisation or in other words causes neurones to fire (action potentials).

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24
Q

What is another word for a Neuron firing?

A

Another word for neurones firing is action potential. TMS or transcranial magnetic stimulation causes neurones to fire or causes neural depolarisation. This is because Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a type of supra-threshold stimulation which causes neurones to fire or drives action potentials. TMS only works if you apply the coil right above the primary motor cortex and occipital cortex.

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25
Q

How does Transcranial magnetic stimulation work?

A

If you put a coil near an electric current it generates a magnetic field. So, if you put a coil that has an electric current inside of it near the scalp it creates magnetic fields perpendicular to the coil so at right angles to the coil. This causes brain to have electric currents as the brain as wet stuff that is very conductive. Transcranial magnetic stimulation relies on electromagnetic induction, it uses a coil that has a current inside and places it near the scalp which generates an electric currents in the brain because there are wet stuff in the brain that is very conductive.

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26
Q

Where do you place the coil?

A

You place the coil near the scalp because the brain has wet stuff that is very conductive. So when you place a coil that has an electric current in it, it generates an electric current in the brain. This is because coil generates a magnetic field perpendicular to the coil so at right angles which generates a current in the brain as there are very conductive areas in the brain. TMS only works if you apply coil directly above primary motor cortex and occipital cortex.

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27
Q

What happens if you put a coil near the scalp?

A

If you put a coil that has an electric current in it near the scalp it generates electric current in the brain because if you put a coil near an electric current it generates a magnetic field. So if you place a coil near the scalp it generates a magnetic field perpendicular to the coil so at right angles to the scalp which causes currents in the brain because the brain has wet stuff that is very conductive. TMS only works if you apply the coil right above the primary motor cortex and occipital cortex.

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28
Q

What is in the TMS coil?

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation uses a coil and places it near the scalp to generate electric current in the brain because the coil has electric current in it which generates a magnetic field perpendicular to the coil so at right angles to the coil. This generates electric current in the brain because the brain has wet stuff that is very conductive. TMS only works if you apply the coil right above the occipital cortex and primary motor cortex.

29
Q

What does TMS use?

A

TMS or transcranial magnetic stimulation is a safe and non-invasive brain stimulation tool. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a type of supra-threshold stimulation which means it causes neurons to fire (action potentials) also known as neural depolarisation. Neurons that fire together, wire together. Potentiation is an increase in information flow and depression is a decrease in information. Transcranial magnetic stimulation relies on electromagnetic induction. Transcranial magnetic stimulation works by placing a coil near the scalp which generates a magnetic field perpendicular to the coil so at right angles to the coil. This generates an electric current In the brain because the brain has wet areas that are very conductive. TMS works because if you place a coil near an electric current it generates a magnetic field and the brain has wet areas that are very conductive. So, TMS uses a coil that has a fast moving electric current in it and places it near the scalp which generates a magnetic field perpendicular to the coil which generates electric currents in the brain because there are wet areas in the brain that are very conductive. TMS only works if you apply coil in the correct areas so the primary Motor cortex and occipital cortex. When you TMS in primary motor cortex it creates MEP which is motor evoked potential which is a forced twitch. You measure how large the thumb contraction is when applying transcranial magnetic stimulation to primary motor cortex. The bigger the thumb contraction, the more excitable the area of the brain is. You also apply transcranial magnetic stimulation over the occipital cortex and participant report phosphenes which is bright spots of light in their visual field.

30
Q

What is important in TMS in terms of the equipment used?

A

The shape of the coil is important in transcranial magnetic stimulation. Also, the coil distance and frequency of TMS is important.

31
Q

How do you measure the effects of Transactional Magnetic Stimulation?

A

You measure transcranial magnetic stimulation when you apply coil over primary motor cortex by MEPS so motor evoked potentials which is a forced twitch. So, when you apply Transcranial magnetic stimulation to primary motor cortex, you measure how large the thumb twitch is. The larger the thumb twitch the more excitably that area of the brain is. As TMS research is interested in how excitably an area of the brain is when performing a task. Also, you apply Transcranial magnetic stimulation over the occipital cortex and participants reports phosphenes which are bright spots of light their visual field.

32
Q

What are you interested in TMS research?

A

In transcranial magnetic stimulation research, you are interested in how excitably an area of the brain is when performing a task. If you apply TMS over primary motor cortex, you measure how large the thumb contraction is, the larger it is the more excitably the area of the brain is. So, you measure MEP when appling transcranial magnetic stimulation over primary motor cortex. MEP is motor evoked potential which is a forced twitch. So transcrnaial magnetic stimulation applied to primary motor cortex causes thumb to contract or causes MEP so motor evoked potentials;

33
Q

In TMS research, what do you do if you are interested in primary motor cortex?

A

If you apply coil over primary motor cortex when doing Transcranial magnetic stimulation it causes motor evoked potential (MEP) which is a forced twitch. To measure TSM in primary motor cortex, you measure how large the thumb contraction is. The larger the thumb twitch is, the more excitable the area of the brain is. As TMS research is interested in how excitable an area of the brain is when performing a task.

34
Q

Definition of MEP.

A

MEP stands for motor evoked potential which is a forced twitch. Motor evoked potential is created when you apply transcranial magnetic stimulation to the primary motor cortex so it causes forced twitch. You measure the effects of TMS in primary motor cortex by how large the thumb contraction is, the bigger the thumb contraception the more excitably the area of the brain is.

35
Q

What do you measure when you are doing TMS on primary motor cortex?

A

When you apply coil above the primary motor cortex in transcranial magnetic stimulation it causes motor evoked potential so a forced twitch. You measure transcranial magnetic stimulation in primary motor cortex by how big the thumb contraction is, the larger the thumb contraction the more excitable the area of the brain is. As, TMS is interested in how excitably an area of the brain becomes when performing a task.

36
Q

What does it mean when the twitch is larger?

A

The bigger the thumb contraception is when you apply TMS to primary motor cortex, the more excitably the area of the brain is. When you apply coil to primary motor cortex in Transcranial magnetic stimulation you get MEP which is motor evoked potential which is a forced twitch. You measure how big the thumb contraction is when you apply TMS to primary motor cortex.

37
Q

What parts of the brain do you do TMS over?

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is done over the primary motor cortex which creates MEP which is motor evoked potential which is a forced twitch. When you apply coil over primary motor cortex in transcranial magnetic stimulation, you get MEP and you measure how large the thumb contraction is. The bigger the thumb contraction, the more excitable the area of the brain is. Also, transcranial magnetic stimulation is applied over the occipital cortex and particiapant reports phosphenes which are bright spots of light in their visual field.

38
Q

What is another area you apply TMS in the brain?

A

You apply transcranial magnetic stimulation to two areas primary motor cortex and occipital cortex. When you apply transcranial magnetic stimulation to primary motor cortex, it creates MEP, motor evoked potential which is a forced twitch. You measures the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on primary motor cortex by measuring how big the thumb contraction is. The bigger the thumb contraction, the more excitable the area of the brain is. the frequency of TMS that increases MEP is 1 hertz and the frequency of transcranial magnetic stimulation that decreases motor evoked potential is 5-10 hertz. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a safe and non-invasive brain stimulation tool. It is a type of supra-threshold stimulation which means it causes neural depolarisation so neurons to fire (action potentials). Transcranial magnetic stimulation can also be applied to occipital cortex and the participants report phosphenes which are bright spots of light in their visual field.

39
Q

How do you measure the effects of transactional magnetic stimulation in occipital cortex?

A

You measure the effects of trasncranal magnetic stimulation in the primary motor cortex and the occipital cortex. The TMS relies on electromagnetic induction. Transcranial magnetic stimulation works by putting a coil that has an electric current inside it near the scalp which creates a magnetic field perpendicular to the coil which generates an electric current in the brain because the brain has very wet areas that are very conductive. The transcrannial magnetic stimulation works by applying the coil directly above the primary motor cortex and the occipital cortex. When you apply the coil above the primary motor cortex it creates MEP which is a motor evoked potential which is a forced twitch. You measure the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on primary motor cortex by how large the thumb contraction is. The bigger the thumb contraction, the more excitable the primary motor cortex is. The frequency of transcranial magnetic stimulation that decreases MEP is 5-10 hertz and the frequency of transcranial magnetic stimulation that increases MEP (motor evoked potential) is 1 hertz. When you apply the coil directly above the occipital cortex, the patients report phosphenes which are bright spots of light in their visual field.

40
Q

Definition of Phosphenes.

A

Phosphenes is bright spots of light in their visual field when you apply coil of transcranial magnetic stimulation to occipital cortex. The participant report phosphenes when applying TMS to occipital cortex.

41
Q

What do participants report when applying TMS in occipital cortex in the brain?

A

When applying transcranial magnetic stimulation to occipital cortex, particiapnts report phosphenes which are bright spots of light in their visual field. You apply TMS to the primary motor cortex and occipital cortex.

42
Q

What are the things important in TMS?

A

The important things in the transcranial magnetic stimulation is coil shape, distance of coil, frequency of stimulation and coil orientation, stimulation parameters.

43
Q

Where should electric current from TMS pass through in the brain to be most effective?

A

The electric current that is generate from the coil in transcranial magnetic stimulation should pass through the cortex in the brain to be most effective.

44
Q

What frequency of TMS increases MEPS?

A

the frequency of transcranial magnetic stimulation that increases MEP (motor evoked potential) is 1 hertz. The frequency of transcranial magnetic stimulation that decreases MEP (motor evoked potential) is 5-10 hertz.

45
Q

What frequency of transactional magnetic stimulation decreases MEPS?

A

The frequency of transcranial magnetic stimulation that decreases MEP is 5-10 hertz. The frequency of TMS that increases motor evoked potential is 1 hertz.

46
Q

What type of research is Transcranial magnetic research?

A

Transcranial magnetic research is correlational research.

47
Q

What is TMS useful for in terms of TMS applications?

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is useful for helping mental illness. Transcranial magnetic research is correlational research.

48
Q

What are the side effects of TMS?

A

The side effects of TMS is seizures, headaches and dizziness,

49
Q

What does tDCS stand for?

A

tDCS is transcranial direct current stimulation. Transcranial direct current stimulation is a safe and non-invasive brain stimulation tool. Transcranial direct current stimulation is a type of sub-threshold stimulation so it changes the likelihood of a neuron firing, it increases or decreases likelihood of a neurones firing.

50
Q

Definition of Transcranial direct current stimulation.

A

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a safe and non-invasive brain stimulation tool. tDCS is a type of sub-threshold stimulation so it changes likelihood of a neurones firing, it either increases or decreases likelihood of neurones firing.

51
Q

What type of stimulation is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)?

A

tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation is a type of sub-threshold stimulation which changes likelihood of neurones firing. There are two types of stimulation in tDCS including anodal stimulation which icnreases likelihood of neurones firing and cathodal stimulation which decreases likelihood of neurones firing. transcranial direct current stimulation includes a battery and two electrodes.

52
Q

What does sub-threshold stimulation mean?

A

tDCS or transcranial direct current stimulation is a type of sub-threshold stimulation which means it changes likelihood of neurones firing. It can either increase or decrease likelihood of neurones firing. tDCS works by having two electrodes and one battery. There are two types of stimulation in transcranial direct current stimulation including anodal stimulation and cathodal stimulation. Anodal stimulation increases likelihood of neurones firing and cathodal stimulation decreases likelihood of neurones firing. This differs from transcranial magnetic stimulation which causes neurons to fire because TMS is a type of supra-threshold stimulation which causes neural depolarisation.

53
Q

How is supra-threshold stimulation and sub-threshold stimulation different?

A

TMS or transcranial magnetic stimulation is a type of supra-threshold stimulation which means it causes neuronal depolarisation or causes neurones to fire (action potential). TMS works by putting a coil near the scalp above the primary Motor cortex and occipital cortex. The coil generates a magnetic field perpendicular to the coil which causes electric current in the brain because the brain has wet areas that are very conductive. . TMS on primary motor cortex measures MEP (motor evoked potential), it measures how big thumb contraction is and the larger the contraction the more excitable the primary motor cortex is. TMS on occipital cortex causes phosphenes which is reported by participants. Phosphenes are bright spots of light in their visual field. tDCS or trasncranial direct current stimulation includes battery and two electrodes. tDCS is a type of sub threshold stimulation and changes likelihood of neurones firing. There are two types of stimulation in transcranial direct current stimulation, anodal stimulation which increases MEP and increase chance of neurones firing and cathodal stimulation which decreases motor evoked potential and decreases chance of neurone firing.

54
Q

What equipment is included in transcranial direct current stimulation?

A

The equipment used in transcranial direct current stimulation is a battery and two electrodes whereas the equipment used in transcranial magnetic stimulation is a coil with a fast moving electric current inside.

55
Q

How does transcranial direct current stimulation work?

A

tdcs or Transcranial direct current stimulation includes a battery and two electrodes. tDCS is a type of sub-threshold stimulation which means it changes the likelihood of a neurone being fired, so either increases or decreases chance of neurones being fired. There are two types of stimulation in transcranial direct current stimulation includes two types of stimulation including anodal stimulation which increases likelihood of neurones being fired and cathodal stimulation which decreases likelihood of neurons being fired.

56
Q

What are the two types of stimulation in transcranial direct current stimulation?

A

The two types of stimulation in transcranial direct current stimulation is anodal stimulation and cathodal stimulation. Anodal stimulation increases likelihood of neurone being fired and cathodal stimulation decreases likelihood of neurones being fired.

57
Q

What is anodal stimulation?

A

Anodal stimulation is a type of stimulation used in tDCS, it increases MEP and increases chance of neurones firing. Whereas, cathodal stimulation decreases chance of neurones firing.

58
Q

What is cathodal stimulation?

A

Cathodal stimulation decreases the likelihood of neurones being fired. It is a type of stimulation in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) whereas anodal stimulation increases chance of neurone being fired.

59
Q

What happens to MEPS in anodal stimulation?

A

There are two types of stimulation in tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation), anodal stimulation and cathodal stimulation. In transcranial direct current stimulation, it includes a battery and two electrodes. Cathodal stimulation reduces brain activity because it reduces chance of neurones firing and reduces MEPs (motor evoked potential) and anodal stimulation increases brain activity as it increases chance of neurones firing and increases MEP.

60
Q

What happens to MEPS in cathodal stimulation?

A

MEP is motor evoked potential it occurs when you stimulate motor primary cortex. One type of stimulation in tDCS or transcranial direct current stimulation is cathodal stimulation which reduces brain activity as it decreases chance of neurones firing and reduces MEP.

61
Q

What is the intensity for transcranial direct current stimulation?

A

The intensity of stimulation in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is 1-2 milliamps.

62
Q

What do you want to avoid in transcranial direct current stimulation?

A

In transcranial direct current stimulation you want to avoid repetition bias so the last response bleeding into the next response.

63
Q

What can tDCS do in the brain?

A

Transcranial direct current stimulation is a type of sub-threshold stimulation so it changes the likelihood of neurones firing. Anodal stimulation increases brain activity as it increases chance of neurones firing. Cathodal stimulation reduces brain activity because it decreases likelihood of neurones firing.

64
Q

What can TMS do in the brain?

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation causes neurones to fire because TMS is a type of supra-threshold stimulation which causes neurones to fire, it causes neural depolarisation which drives action potential.

65
Q

What does brain stimulation do?

A

Brain stimulation changes the activity of neurones by increasing or decreasing likelihood of neurones firing (action potentials).

66
Q

What happens if TMS is not applied to right areas?

A

If Transcranial magnetic stimulation is not applied exactly to the primary motor cortex or occipital cortex it does not work.

67
Q

When does TMS not work?

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation only works when you apply to the correct areas, so the primary motor Cortex and occipital cortex.

68
Q

What is rTMS?

A

rTMS means repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation means using multiple stimulations.

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