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Dementia Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of dementia.

A

Dementia is a term that describes a range of neurological conditions characterised by loss of cognitive functions.

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2
Q

What are the causes of dementia?

A

Dementia is a term that describes a range of neurological conditions characterised by cognition loss. The causes of dementia include neurological degeneration, stroke, toxic reaction of alcohol or drugs and nervous system infection.

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3
Q

What type of dementia is caused by neuronal degeneration?

A

Dementia is a term that describes a range of neurological conditions characterised by loss of cognitive functions. One cause of dementia is neuronal degeneration. The types of dementias that are caused by neuronal degeneration include:

  • Alzheimer’s - affects cortical structures first.
  • Parkinson’s disease and Huntington Chorea - affects sub-cortical structures first.
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4
Q

What type of dementia affects cortical structures first?

A

Dementia is a term that describes a range of neurological conditions characterised by loss of cognitive functions. One cause of dementia is neuronal degeneration. The types of dementias that are caused by neuronal degeneration include Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease and Huntington Chorea. Alzheimer’s affects cortical structures first whereas Parkinson’s disease and Chorea affects Sub-cortical structures first.

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5
Q

What type of dementia affects sub cortical structures first?

A

Dementia is a term that describes a range of neurological conditions characterised by loss of cognitive functions. One cause of dementia is neuronal degeneration. Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease and Huntington Chorea is all caused by neuronal degeneration. Parkinson’s disease and Huntington Chorea affects sub-cortical structures first whereas Alzheimer’s affect cortical structures first.

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6
Q

What is Alzheimer’s caused by?

A

Alzheimer’s is a type of dementia which is a term that describes a range of neurological conditions characterised by loss of cognitive functions. Alzheimer’s is caused by neuronal degeneration. Alzheimer’s affects cortical structures first..

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7
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

Parkinson’s disease is a type of dementia. Parkinson’s disease is caused by neuronal degeneration and it affects sub-cortical structures first. Dementia is a term that describes a range of neurological conditions characterised by loss of cognitive functions.

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8
Q

What is Huntington chorea?

A

Huntington Chorea is a type of dementia which is a term that describes a range of neurological conditions characterised by a loss of cognitive functions. Huntington Chorea is caused by neuronal degeneration and affects the sub-cortical structures first.

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9
Q

What is a cerebrovascular accident?

A

Cerebrovascular accident is a stroke. Cerebrovascular accident is a cause of a type of dementia called vascular dementia. Vascular dementia is a type of dementia which is a term that describes a range of neurological conditions characterised by loss of cognitive functions. Vascular dementia is caused by a stroke.

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10
Q

What type of dementia is caused by a cerebrovascular accident?

A

dementia is a term that describes a range of neurological conditions characterised by loss of cognitive functions. Dementia can be caused by cerebrovascular accident or stroke. The type of dementia caused by a stroke is called vascular dementia.

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11
Q

Definition of vascular dementia.

A

Vascular dementia is a type of dementia that is caused by a stroke/cerebrovascular accident. Dementia is a term that describes a range of neurological conditions characterised by cognitive loss.

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12
Q

What type of dementia is caused by alcohol misuse?

A

Dementia is a term that describes a range of neurological conditions characterised by loss of cognitive function. the type of dementia that is caused by toxic reaction of alcohol is Korsakoff syndrome. dementia can be caused by alcohol or drug misuse, this type of dementia is called Korsakoff syndrome. Korsakoff syndrome is also caused by lack of vitamin B-1 which alcohol strips the body off.

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13
Q

Definition of degenerative disease?

A

Degenerative disease is a disease that gets worse over time.

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14
Q

Definition of Korsakoff syndrome.

A

Korsakoff syndrome is a type of dementia which means a term that describes a range of neurological conditions characterised by cognitive loss. Korsakoff syndrome is a type of dementia caused by alcohol misuse and drugs. Also it caused by severe lack of vitamin B-1 which is stripped from the body by alcohol.

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15
Q

What type of dementia is caused by infection of nervous system?

A

Dementia is a term that describes a range of neurological conditions characterised by loss of cognitive functions. The type of dementia caused by infection of nervous system is called AIDS dementia complex. AIDS dementia complex is a type of dementia caused by infection of nervous system.

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16
Q

Definition of AIDS dementia complex.

A

Dementia is a term that describes a range of neurological conditions characterised by loss of cognitive function. One cause of dementia is infection of nervous system, the type of dementia caused by infection of nervous system is AIDS dementia complex.

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17
Q

Give an overview of examples of dementia and causes.

A

Dementia is a term that describes a range of neurological conditions characterised by loss of cognitive functions. Dementia is caused by Neuronal degeneration, toxic reaction to alcohol or drugs, stroke/cerebrovascular accident and infection of nervous system.

Alzheimers is caused by neuronal degeneration and affects cortical structures first. Parkinson’s disease and Huntington Chorea is caused by neuronal degeneration and affects sub-cortical structures first.

Vascular dementia is caused by a stroke/cerebrovascular accident.

Korsakoff syndrome is caused by toxic reaction to alcohol and drugs and a severe lack of vitamin B-1 which alcohol strips the body of vitamin B-1.

AIDS dementia complex is caused by infection of nervous system.

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18
Q

What is Korsakoff syndrome caused by?

A

Korsakoff syndrome is caused by toxic reaction to alcohol and drugs. Korsakoff syndrome is also caused by lack of vitamin B-1 which alcohol strips the body off this.

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19
Q

Why is a lack of vitamin B-1 bad?

A

Lack of vitamin B-1 is can be caused by alcohol misuse. Lack of vitamin B-1 caused a type of dementia which is a term that describes a range of neurological conditions characterised by loss of cognitive functions. Korsakoff syndrome is caused by a lack of vitamin B-1 and alcohol or drug misuse.

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20
Q

What type of person is lack of vitamin B-1 worse for?

A

The type of person who lacks vitamin B-1 is worse for people who abuse alcohol because alcohol strips the body of Vitamin B-1 and a lack of vitamin B-1 and alcohol or drug misuse can cause a type of dementia called Korsakoff syndrome. Dementia is a term that describes a range of neurological conditions characterised by cognitive loss. Korsakoff syndrome is caused by toxic reaction to alcohol and drugs and can also be caused by lack of vitamin B-1.

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21
Q

Why is alcohol bad for vitamin B-1?

A

Alcohol strips the body of Vitamin B-1 and a severe lack of vitamin B-1 and alcohol or drug misuse can cause dementia which is a term that describes a range of neurological conditions characterised by a loss of cognitive functions. The type of dementia caused by alcohol misuse and lack of vitamin B-1 is Korsakoff syndrome.

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22
Q

How is dementia diagnosed?

A

Dementia is diagnosed by mini mental state examination (MMSM).

23
Q

What are the early symptoms of dementia?

A

Dementia is a term used to describe a range of neurological conditions characterised by loss of cognitive functions.The early symptoms of dementia include memory loss, personality changes,, impaired judgement and difficulty with familiar tasks.

24
Q

Can dementia be cured?

A

dementia is not reversible and cannot be cured because neuronal cell death/brain damage is not reversible. But, drugs aimed for dementia can be used to increase quality of life.

25
Q

Why is dementia incurable?

A

Dementia is incurable because neuronal cell death is not reversible and you cannot reverse brain damage. Treatment for dementia can be used to improve quality of life.

26
Q

Evaluate mini mental state examination. (MMSM)

A

The mini mental state examination is a tool used for diagnoses of dementia.

The advantages of mini mental state examination is that it is good for monitoring condition and does not require additional equipment and it is easy to do.

The disadvantages of mini mental state examination is that it is biased against people who are visually impaired, biased against people who are poorly educated and bad at detecting mild or early signs of dementia.

27
Q

What are the advantages of mini mental state examination? (MMSM)

A

The mini mental state examination is a tool used for diagnosis of dementia.

The advantages of mini mental state examination is that it is easy to do, does not require additional equipment and good for monitoring condition. The disadvantages are that it is biased against people who are visually impaired. Biased against people who are poorly educated and not good at detecting early signs or mild dementia.

28
Q

What are the disadvantages of mini mental state examination? (MMSM)

A

The mini mental state examination is a tool used for diagnosis of dementia.
The disadvantages of mini mental state examination is that it is biased against people who are visually impaired, biased against people who are poorly educated at bad at detecting early signs or mild dementia.

The advantages of mini mental state examination which is used for diagnosis of dementia is that it is easy to use, does not require additional equipment and good for monitoring condition.

29
Q

What is a unique sign of Alzheimer’s?

A

Alzheimer’s is a type of dementia which is a term used to describe a range of neurological conditions characterised by loss of cognitive functions. Alzheimer’s is caused by neuronal degeneration and Alzheimer’s affect cortical structures first. the unique sign of Alzheimer’s is getting lost.

30
Q

What are the advanced signs of dementia?

A

dementia is a term to describe a range of neurological conditions characterised by loss of cognitive functions. The early signs of dementia is personality change, memory loss, finding it difficult doing familiar tasks and impaired judgement. The advanced signs of dementia is loss of bowel and bladder control, mobility deteriorates, speech disappears and psychotic symptoms

31
Q

What is the average period of dementia from diagnosis to death?

A

the average period of dementia from diagnosis to death is 4 to 8 years.

32
Q

how long can it take for dementia to run its course?

A

Dementia can take up to 20 years to run its course but the average period of time from diagnosis to death is 4 to 8 years.

33
Q

What is the prognosis of dementia?

A

The prognosis of dementia is bad, The initial deterioration is slow but eventually the loss of cognitive functions make it hard to live.

34
Q

What are the clear risk factors of Alzheimer’s?

A

The clear risk factors of Alzheimer’s is brain damage, ageing and genetics.

35
Q

What are the possible risk factors of Alzheimer’s?

A

The possible risk factors of Alzheimer’s is depression, diabetes, obesity and smoking.

36
Q

What are the differences between the clear risk factors and the possible risk factors of Alzheimers?

A

The clear risk factors of Alzheimers is ageing, genetics and brain damage. The possible risk factors of Alzheimer’s is diabetes, obesity, depression and smoking.

37
Q

What are the biological markers of Alzheimer’s?

A

the biological marker of Alzheimer’s is loss of brain mass so the brain shrinks due to neuronal loss. The histological marker of Alzheimer’s is presence of tangles and amyloid plaques. Biological markers are obvious to see like brain shrinkage but histological markers require use of microscope to see them e.g. presence of amyloid plaque and tangles.

38
Q

What are the histological markers of Alzheimer’s?

A

The histological markers of Alzheimer’s is the presence of tangles and amyloid plaques. To be diagnosed with Alzheimer’s the presence of amyloid plaques is necessary. Amyloid is toxic to neurons. The biological markers of Alzheimer’s is loss of brain mass so brain shrinks. A brain of someone with Alzheimer’s is referred to as a walnut brain because it shrinks so much. Biological markers you just have to look to see it like the shrinkage of the brain but histological markers require use of microscope e.g. presence of amyloid plaque and tangles.

39
Q

What is the difference between biological markers and histological markers of Alzheimer’s?

A

Histological markers require use of microscope where as biological markers you just have to look to see them. Histological markers of Alzheimers include presence of amyloid plaques and tangles and biological markers of Alzheimers is loss of brain mass.

40
Q

What does Alzheimer’s do to the brain?

A

Alzheimers causes brain mass loss in particular cortical shrinkage as alzheimer’s mainly affects cortical structures. This is why people with Alzheimers, there brain is referred to as a walnut brain. Also Alzheimer’s causes the presence of tangles and amyloid plaques.

41
Q

What is necessary for the post-mortem diagnosis of Alzheimer’s?

A

Amyloid plaques are necessary for post-mortem diagnosis of Alzheimers as Alzheimers causes presence of amyloid plaques and tangles and causes cortical shrinkage in brain so loss of brain mass. so the brain of an Alzheimer’s patient is called a walnut brain due to massive brain mass shrinkage.

42
Q

What is the brain of an Alzheimer’s patient referred to as?

A

someone with Alzheimer’s brain is referred to as a walnut brain as there is massive brain loss shrinkage, cortical shrinkage. The brain of someone with Alzheimer’s can lose up to 8-10% of brain mass but a normal person only loses 2% of brain mass.

43
Q

What is brain mass loss like for Alzheimer’s people compared to healthy people?

A

the brain shrinks in Alzheimer’s due to neuronal loss and is referred to as a walnut brain. a person with Alzheimer’s can lose 8-10% of brain mass but a person who is healthy only loses 2%.

44
Q

What does Alzheimer’s cause?

A

Alzheimers causes cortical shrinkage so brain mass loss due to neuronal loss and the presence of amyloid plaques which is toxic to neuronal and tangles.

45
Q

Why is amyloid plaques bad?

A

amyloid plaques is necessary for diagnosis of Alzheimer’s. Amyloid is toxic to neuron.

46
Q

Is Alzheimer’s curable?

A

Alzheimers is not curable because brain damage cannot be reversed. Alzheimer’s is caused by neuronal degeneration and affects cortical structures. Alzheimer’s cannot be cured but the drugs aim is to improve quality of life and to slow progression of Alzheimer’s.

47
Q

What is the treatment like for Alzheimer’s?

A

Alzheimer’s is not curable as brain damage cannot be reversed in particular neuronal degeneration. The drugs used to treat Alzheimer’s is to slow progression of the condition.

48
Q

What is the aim of treatment for Alzheimer’s?

A

The aim of treatment of Alzheimer’s is to slow progression of condition and improve quality of life.

49
Q

What is the most common type of dementia?

A

the most common type of dementia is Alzheimer’s which is a type of dementia caused by neuronal degeneration and effects cortical structure first.

50
Q

What is the most important risk factor of Alzheimer’s?

A

The most important risk factor of Alzheimer’s is ageing and another risk factor is genetic.

51
Q

What is another risk factor of Alzheimer’s?

A

Ageing is associated with Alzheimer’s but also there is a genetic component to Alzheimer’s.

52
Q

What are the main biological makers of Alzheimer’s?

A

The main biological markers of Alzheimer’s is loss of brain mass in particular cortical shrinkage due to neuronal loss. Also, the other histological markers of Alzheimer’s is presence of tangles and amyloid plaques.

53
Q

What are the early signs of dementia?

A

Dementia is a term used to describe a range of neurological conditions characterised by loss of cognitive function. The early signs of dementia include memory loss, personality changes, impaired judgement and difficult doing familiar tasks.

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