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brain, mind and behaviour > Brain Imaging > Flashcards

Brain Imaging Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

Why do we study the brain?

A

We study the brain to understand why we behave in certain ways, does brain activity explain our behaviour and where do psychological processes occur in the brain?

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2
Q

What is the classical approaches to studying the brain?

A
  • single cell recording

- Leison studies

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3
Q

Definition of single-cell recording.

A

single-cell recording is a classical approach to studying the brain. In single-cell recording the brain is cut open and electrodes are put in to see what parts of the brain are activated when an animal does something.

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4
Q

Why is single-cell recording bad?

A

single-cell recording is bad because it is invasive, can only be done on animals and it is unethical. Also does the results from animals apply to humans?

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5
Q

Definition of Leison studies.

A

Leison studies are done on humans who have damaged areas of the brain for example people who have had a stroke.

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6
Q

What does neuroimaging/brain imaging allow us to do?

A

Neuroimaging allows us to study the structure and function of the brain for both animals and humans. It allows us to compare the structure and function of animal brains and human brains.

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7
Q

Why is neuroimaging good?

A

Neuroimaging or brain imaging is good as it is non-invasive as we don’t have to cut the brain open like classical approaches to studying the brain and can be done on both humans and animals.

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8
Q

Examples of neuroimaging.

A

EEG - Electroencephalogram

MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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9
Q

Why is lesion studies bad?

A
  • People who have had a stroke may have had different areas affected by the stroke. So different areas of the brain are affected in different individuals.
  • A single patient may not represent the whole population so results are cannot be generalised to the whole population.
  • limited number of participants available.
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10
Q

What are neuroscience techniques?

A
  • neuroimaging

- neurostimulation

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11
Q

Definition of neurostimulation.

A

Neurostimulation is a technique to study the brain. Neurostimulation involves stimulating areas of the brain.

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12
Q

What happens when we use a particular area of the brain?

A

When we use a particular region of the brain to perform a task, the neurons in that are activated. Neurons being activated in the area of the brain cause changes in blood supply and changes in electrical supply.

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13
Q

What happens when neurons are activated in one area of the brain when we perform a task?

A

When neurons are activated, it causes changes in blood supply and changes in electrical charge.

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14
Q

What does Magnetic Resonance Imaging measure?

A

MRI measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood supply as when we use a particular area of the brain it causes the neurons in that area of the brain to activate, this causes changes in blood supply and electricity supply. MRI is used to understand structure and function of that brain area.

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15
Q

What does Electroencephalogram measure?

A

EEG measures brain activity by detecting changes in electricity supply. When we use a particular area of the brain, neurons are activated. Neurons activating causes changes in blood supply and changes in electricity supply. EEG measures brain activity by detecting changes in electricity supply to understand the structure and function of that area of the brain.

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16
Q

How does neuroimaging measure brain activity?

A

Neuroimaging tools like MRI and EEG measure brain activity indirectly by changes in blood supply and changes in electricity supply. EEG measures brain activity by detecting changes in electricity supply, MRI measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood supply.

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17
Q

How is MRI and EEG similar

A

MRI and EEG are similar because they are both neuroimaging tools that measures brain activity indirectly.

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18
Q

How is MRI and EEG different?

A

MRI measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood supply.
EEG measures brain activity by detecting changes in electricity supply.

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19
Q

How does MRI and EEG work?

A

Using a particular area of the brain, causes neurons to activate. This causes changes in the blood supply and changes in electricity supply. So MRI and EEG measures brain activity indirectly by detecting changes in blood supply (MRI) and changes in electricity supply. (EEG)

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20
Q

Why does MRI and EEG allow us to study?

A

MRI and EEG allows us to study the function and structure of brain areas indirectly through blood supply and electricity supply.

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21
Q

What does MRI stand for?

A

MRI = magnetic resonance imaging

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22
Q

What does EEG stand for?

A

EEG = electroencephalogram

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23
Q

What is the difference between MRI and EEG in terms of resolution?

A

MRI has excellent spatial resolution so we can accurately say where the activated region is but MRI has poor temporal resolution as it takes a long time for blood supply to change.
EEG has poor spatial resolution as it is hard to say where the activated area of the brain is but excellent temporal resolution as changes in electricity supply happen straight away.

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24
Q

What does excellent spatial resolution mean?

A

Excellent spatial resolution is when we can acturately tell what area of the brain is activated. MRI has excellent spatial resolution but EEG had poor spatial region as we cannot tell which area of the brain is activated.

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25
Q

What does excellent temporal resolution mean?

A

Excellent temporal resolution is when you can see changes straight away. For example EEG has excellent temporal resolution as you can see changes in electricity supply straight away, but MRI has poor temporal resolution.

26
Q

What does poor spatial resolution mean?

A

Poor spatial resolution is when you cannot tell which area of the brain is activated. EEG has poor spatial resolution but MRI has excellent spatial region.

27
Q

What does poor temporal resolution mean?

A

Poor temporal resolution is when changes when brain is activated happens slowly. MRI has poor temporal resolution as changes in blood supply is slow. Whereas, EEG has excellent temporal resolution as changes in electricity supply happen straight away when neurons are activated.

28
Q

Why is MRI bad?

A

MRI has poor temporal resolution as it takes a long time for changes in blood supply to occur.

29
Q

Why is MRI good?

A

MRI had excellent spatial resolution as MRI can identify exactly where brain activation is.

30
Q

Why is EEG bad?

A

EEG has poor spatial resolution as you cannot accurately identify what areas of the brain are activated.

31
Q

Why is EEG good?

A

EEG has excellent temporal resolution as changes in electricity supply when neurons are activated happens straight away.

32
Q

How does neurostimulation work?

A

Neurostimulation activates the brain by activating or deactivating an area of the brain. If our behaviour changes after stimulation in neurostimulation it means that the specific area of the brain is important for that behaviour.

33
Q

what does neurostimulation look for?

A

If our behaviour changes after an area of the Brian is stimulated either activated or deactivated. It means that the particular area of brain stimulated is important for that behaviour.

34
Q

What is the difference between neurostimulation and neuroimaging in terms of drawing conclusions?

A

In neurostimulation you can infer casual relationships. so one variable causes a change in the other variable.
But, in neuroimaging you rely on correlations and you cannot infer casual relationship so you cannot say one variable causes change in the other variable.

35
Q

Types of MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging)

A 
Functional MRI (fMRI) 
Structural MRI (anatomical)
36
Q

What does a MRI produce?

A

MRI produces 3-D images

37
Q

Difference between X-ray and MRI?

A

In a MRI there is no radiation but in x-ray you are exposed to radiation.

38
Q

What is the danger of MRI?

A

people with pacemakers cannot have a MRI due to strong magnetic field. Also, people have to take off watches. So, you need to be careful the doing an MRI as MRIs uses magnetic field.

39
Q

What does a participant have to do before doing a MRI?

A

They have to fill out a MRI screening form before the scan to make sure they do not have a pacemaker.

40
Q

Definition of hemodynamic

A

Hemodynamic is the study of blood flow. MRI is hemodynamic as it detects changes in blood supply to measure brain activity when someone performs a task.

41
Q

What is the size of MRI system?

A

The size of MRI system is the magnetic field strength.

42
Q

What is magnetic field strength in MRI measured in?

A

Measurement for magnetic field strength is Tesla (T)

43
Q

What is the typical scanner strength?

A

1.5T, 3T and 7T.

44
Q

What does a higher Tesla strength mean?

A

Higher Tesla strength increases the intensity of the MR signal.

45
Q

What happens in a structural MRI (anatomical)

A

During a structural (anatomical) MRI, participants do nothing.

46
Q

Why is sMRI good?

A

structural MRI (anatomical MRI) is good because it provides a very detailed image of the brain because it has excellent spatial resolution.

47
Q

what does a sMRI do?

A

structural MRI (or anatomical) provides information about the structure of the brain as it gives a very detailed image of the brain because it has excellent spatial resolution.

48
Q

fMRI

A

functional MRI measures changes in blood supply, specifically fMRI measure amount of blood that carries oxygen and compares it with amount of blood that does not carry oxygen. Functional MRI takes a picture of the brain when a person is performing a behaviour.

49
Q

What is the difference between fMRI and sMRI?

A

Functional MRI is done when a person is performing a behaviour. Whereas, structural MRI is done when a person is doing nothing.

50
Q

Which type of MRI has better spatial resolution

A

Structural MRI (sMRI) has better spatial resolution compared to functional MRI (fMRI)

51
Q

What does functional MRI measure?

A

Functional MRI measures changes in blood flow, in particular it measures amount of blood that carries oxygen and the amount of blood that does not carry oxygen.

52
Q

What does fMRI provide?

A

functional MRI provides information about the function of a area of a brain.

53
Q

What does sMRI provide?

A

structural MRI (anatomical) provides information about the structure of the brain.

54
Q

What can we do with brain imaging?

A

Brain imaging allows us to take a photo of brain activation when a person is performing a task or resting. It allows us to see what is happening in the brain when a person is doing something.

55
Q

What is difference between brain imaging and brain stimulation in terms of conclusions?

A

Brain imaging is correlational but brain stimulation allows you to infer casual relationships so cause and effect relationships.

56
Q

What are the different types of brain stimulation methods?

A

Different types of brain stimulation methods include:
TMS = transcranial magnetic stimulation.
TDCS = transcranial direct current stimulation

57
Q

What is TMS?

A

TMS or transcranial magnetic stimulation is a type of brain stimulation method that involves use of coil that has an electric current in it to generate a magnetic field that causes electric current in the brain. TMS uses magnetic field to create electric current in areas of the brain. It can only stimulate areas that are on the surface of the brain.

58
Q

What is TDCS?

A

TDCS or transcranial direct current stimulation uses electrodes to change chance of neurones firing so it increases decreases activity in an area of the brain

59
Q

What does brain stimulation methods do to the brain?

A

Brain stimulation tools so TMS and TDCS temporarily disrupt activity in the brain area that is stimulated. .

60
Q

Benefits of brain stimulation/neurostimulation

A

Brain stimulation is non-invasive and safe

61
Q

Problem with TMS

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can only stimulate areas that are on surface of brain.

62
Q

How does TMS work?

A

TMS stimulates areas of the brain by using magnetic field to create electric current in the brain.

brain, mind and behaviour (11 decks)

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