Visual Perception and Cognition

Question 1

___ is the process of knowing or being aware of information through the eyes.

Answer 1

Visual Perception

Question 2

___ is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory information.

Answer 2

Visual Perception

Question 3

___ is applying methods of physics to measuring human perceptual systems.

Answer 3

Psychophysics

Question 4

___ is understanding how people think.

Answer 4

Cognitive Psychology

Question 5

Visual Systems

The _ includes the pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve and brain.

Answer 5

Light Path

Question 6

Visual Systems

The _ arerods and cones which are unevenly distributed.

Answer 6

Retinal Cells

Question 7

Visual Systems

The _ are three ‘color receptors’ and are concentrated in fovea.

Answer 7

Cones

Question 8

Visual Systems

The _ are low-light receptors and are for peripheral vision.

Answer 8

Rods

Question 9

Model of Perceptual Processing

This stage includes early, parallel
detection of color, texture, shape, spatial attributes.

Answer 9

Stage 1

Question 10

Model of Perceptual Processing

This stage is described through the following: Neurons in eye & brain responsible for different kinds of information (orientation, color, texture, movement, etc.); Arrays of neurons work in parallel; Occurs “automatically”; Rapid; Information is transitory, briefly held in iconic store; Bottom-up data-driven model of processing; Often called “pre-attentive” processing

Answer 10

Stage 1

Question 11

Model of Perceptual Processing

This stage includes dividing visual field into regions and simple patterns.

Answer 11

Stage 2

Question 12

Model of Perceptual Processing

This stage is described through the following: slow serial processing, Involves working and long-term memory, a combination of bottom-up feature processing and top-down attentional mechanisms, and different visual systems for object recognition and visually guided motion.

Answer 12

Stage 2

Question 13

Model of Perceptual Processing

This is holding objects in working memory by demands of active attention.

Answer 13

Stage 3

Question 14

Model of Perceptual Processing

This includes: top-down attention-driven model of processing, slow serial processing, involves working and long term memory a few objects are constructed from the available patterns to provide answers to visual queries.

Answer 14

Stage 3

Question 15

The visual working memory is different from the verbal working memory, has low capacity, where the locations are egocentric, and is controlled by __. The time to get attention is __ and the time to get some gist is __. It is also not automatically fed into the long term memory.

Answer 15

Attention
100 ms
100 ms

Question 16

How does the human visual system analyze image?

1. Some things seem to be done _, without the need for focused attention
2. Generally take less than _ msecs (eye movements take 200 msecs)
3. Seems to be done in parallel by __ system
4. An important contribution vision science makes to data visualization is that a limited set of visual properties can be detected very rapidly and accurately by the low-level visual system

Answer 16

1. preattentively
2. 200 to 250 ms
3. low-level vision

Question 17

What are the potential preattentive features?

Answer 17

length
width
size
curvature
number
terminators
intersection
closure
hue
intensity
flicker
direction of motion
binocular lustre
stereoscopic depth
3-D depth cues
lighting direction

Question 18

Pre-attentive Tasks

_ asks the question: Is there something here?

Answer 18

Target Detection

Question 19

Pre-attentive Tasks

_ asks the question: Can the elements be grouped?

Answer 19

Boundary Detection

Question 20

Pre-attentive Tasks

_ asks the question: How many elements of a certain type are present?

Answer 20

Counting

Question 21

What are the key perceptual properties?

Answer 21

Texture, 3D, Motion, Shape, Groupings (Spatial and Multiresolution), Brightness/Luminance, Color

Question 22

Pre-Attentive Cues

A _ represents that visual sensation that allows us to pre-attentively differentiate two adjacent, possibly structured parts in our visual field without eye movement which includes micro-structures, patterns, profiles and etc.

Answer 22

visual texture

Question 23

Pre-Attentive Cues: Texture

To identify textures, an observation of about _ ms is sufficient, and cognitively controlled processes require about _ ms.

Answer 23

160 to 200
300 to 400

Question 24

Pre-Attentive Cues: Texture

The classificatino of textures is based on:

Answer 24

coarseness, contrast, directionality (orientation), scale, line-likeness, regularity, roughness

Question 25

Pre-Attentive Cues: Texture

_ are fundamental micro-structures in generic natural images; basic elements in the pre-attentive visual perception.

Answer 25

Textons

Question 26

Pre-Attentive Cues: Texture

Textons can be classified into three general categories:

Answer 26

1. elongated blobs (line segments, rectangles, ellipses) with specific properties such as hue, orientation, and width, at different level of scales
2. terminators (end of line segments)
3. crossings of line segments

Question 27

Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D

3D display should provide _.

Answer 27

depth cues

Question 28

Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D

_ presents the idea that more distant objects become smaller in the image and elements of a uniform texture become smaller with distance.

Answer 28

Linear Perspective

Question 29

Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D

_ show the relative height objects above a surface, provide strong depth cues for objects in motion and can be semi-realistic and still work as a depth cue.

Answer 29

Shadows

Question 30

Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D

_ is a very powerfule depth cue; a process whereby something is hidden or obscured from prominence or view:

Answer 30

Occlusion

Question 31

Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D

_ is the darkening or coloring of an illustration or diagram with parallel lines or a block of color:

Answer 31

Shading

Question 32

Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D

Other depth cues include: _, _, and _.

Answer 32

depth of focus
motion parallax
stereoscopic depth

Question 33

Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D

For _ judgement, stereo is important, and shadows and occlusion.

Answer 33

fine-scale

Question 34

Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D

For _ judgement, linear perspective, motion parallax, and perspective are important.

Answer 34

large-scale

Question 35

Pre-Attentive Cues: Shape, Symbol

_ should be rapidly perceived and differentiated, especially in maps, military uses and etc.

Answer 35

Shape, symbols

Question 36

Pre-Attentive Cues: Luminance/Brightness

_ is perceived amount of light coming from source.

Answer 36

Brightness

Question 37

Pre-Attentive Cues: Luminance/Brightness

_ is the measured amount of light coming from some place.

Answer 37

Luminance

Question 38

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

In CIE, _ is used in print while _ is used in display.

Answer 38

CIELAB
CIELUV

Question 39

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

In color models, _ is based on technology models while _ is based on perceptual color model.

Answer 39

RGB
HSB (HSV)

Question 40

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

In the HSB model, _ is what people think of color.

Answer 40

Hue

Question 41

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

In the HSB model, _ is the intensity or whiteness of the color.

Answer 41

Saturation

Question 42

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

In the HSB model, _ is the lightness or darkness of color.

Answer 42

Brightness or value

Question 43

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

_ is important for foreground-background colors to differ in brightness.

Answer 43

Contrast

Question 44

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

The colors that can be used for categories of nominal variables are:

Answer 44

Red, Green, Yellow, Blue, Black, White, Pink, Cyan, Gray, Orange, Brown, Purple

Question 45

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

In the ordinal data principles, _ presents that ordered values should be represented by perceptualy ordered colors.

Answer 45

Order

Question 46

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

In the ordinal data principles, _ presents that significantly different levels should be represented by distinghuishable colors.

Answer 46

Separation

Question 47

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

In the ordinal data principles, _ is good for showing form.

Answer 47

Luminance

Question 48

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

In the ordinal data principle, using _ is useful for showing readable values.

Answer 48

Many hues

Question 49

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

In interval sequences, _ indicate regions by showing the boundaries.

Answer 49

Contour

Question 50

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

In interval sequences, _ is used to indicate regions and to distinguish different objects/object.

Answer 50

Color

Question 51

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

In choosing color scheme, we must consider _.

Answer 51

CUT-DDV framework

Question 52

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

Consider _ as in nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio.

Answer 52

Data

Question 53

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

In using symbols, _ symbols are understandable without training, are resistance to instructional bias, are hard-wired and fast, and are valid cross-cultyrally.

Answer 53

Sensory

Question 54

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

In using symbols, _ symbols are hard to learn, easy to forget and embedded in culture and applications.

Answer 54

Arbitrary

Question 55

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

In _ channel, properties of detail, form, shading, motion and stereo are seen.

Answer 55

Luminance

Question 56

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

In _ channel, properties of surfacesm labels, categories and speciality of red, green, yellow and blue are seen.

Answer 56

Chromatic

Question 57

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

In the interpretations of visual properties, _ states that the darker the shade is, the more it is.

Answer 57

Density/Grayscale

Question 58

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

In the interpretation of visual properties, _ states that the larger the area of color is, the more it is.

Answer 58

Size/Length/Area

Question 59

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

In the interpretations of visual properties, _ states that the leftmost and topmost areas are to be seen first.

Answer 59

Position

Question 60

Pre-Attentive Cues: Color

In the interpretations of visual properties, _ has no intrinsic meaning.

Answer 60

Slope