Visual Perception and Cognition Flashcards
___ is the process of knowing or being aware of information through the eyes.
Visual Perception
___ is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory information.
Visual Perception
___ is applying methods of physics to measuring human perceptual systems.
Psychophysics
___ is understanding how people think.
Cognitive Psychology
Visual Systems
The _ includes the pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve and brain.
Light Path
Visual Systems
The _ arerods and cones which are unevenly distributed.
Retinal Cells
Visual Systems
The _ are three ‘color receptors’ and are concentrated in fovea.
Cones
Visual Systems
The _ are low-light receptors and are for peripheral vision.
Rods
Model of Perceptual Processing
This stage includes early, parallel
detection of color, texture, shape, spatial attributes.
Stage 1
Model of Perceptual Processing
This stage is described through the following: Neurons in eye & brain responsible for different kinds of information (orientation, color, texture, movement, etc.); Arrays of neurons work in parallel; Occurs “automatically”; Rapid; Information is transitory, briefly held in iconic store; Bottom-up data-driven model of processing; Often called “pre-attentive” processing
Stage 1
Model of Perceptual Processing
This stage includes dividing visual field into regions and simple patterns.
Stage 2
Model of Perceptual Processing
This stage is described through the following: slow serial processing, Involves working and long-term memory, a combination of bottom-up feature processing and top-down attentional mechanisms, and different visual systems for object recognition and visually guided motion.
Stage 2
Model of Perceptual Processing
This is holding objects in working memory by demands of active attention.
Stage 3
Model of Perceptual Processing
This includes: top-down attention-driven model of processing, slow serial processing, involves working and long term memory a few objects are constructed from the available patterns to provide answers to visual queries.
Stage 3
The visual working memory is different from the verbal working memory, has low capacity, where the locations are egocentric, and is controlled by __. The time to get attention is __ and the time to get some gist is __. It is also not automatically fed into the long term memory.
Attention
100 ms
100 ms
How does the human visual system analyze image?
- Some things seem to be done _, without the need for focused attention
- Generally take less than _ msecs (eye movements take 200 msecs)
- Seems to be done in parallel by __ system
- An important contribution vision science makes to data visualization is that a limited set of visual properties can be detected very rapidly and accurately by the low-level visual system
- preattentively
- 200 to 250 ms
- low-level vision
What are the potential preattentive features?
length
width
size
curvature
number
terminators
intersection
closure
hue
intensity
flicker
direction of motion
binocular lustre
stereoscopic depth
3-D depth cues
lighting direction
Pre-attentive Tasks
_ asks the question: Is there something here?
Target Detection
Pre-attentive Tasks
_ asks the question: Can the elements be grouped?
Boundary Detection
Pre-attentive Tasks
_ asks the question: How many elements of a certain type are present?
Counting
What are the key perceptual properties?
Texture, 3D, Motion, Shape, Groupings (Spatial and Multiresolution), Brightness/Luminance, Color
Pre-Attentive Cues
A _ represents that visual sensation that allows us to pre-attentively differentiate two adjacent, possibly structured parts in our visual field without eye movement which includes micro-structures, patterns, profiles and etc.
visual texture
Pre-Attentive Cues: Texture
To identify textures, an observation of about _ ms is sufficient, and cognitively controlled processes require about _ ms.
160 to 200
300 to 400
Pre-Attentive Cues: Texture
The classificatino of textures is based on:
coarseness, contrast, directionality (orientation), scale, line-likeness, regularity, roughness
Pre-Attentive Cues: Texture
_ are fundamental micro-structures in generic natural images; basic elements in the pre-attentive visual perception.
Textons
Pre-Attentive Cues: Texture
Textons can be classified into three general categories:
- elongated blobs (line segments, rectangles, ellipses) with specific properties such as hue, orientation, and width, at different level of scales
- terminators (end of line segments)
- crossings of line segments
Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D
3D display should provide _.
depth cues
Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D
_ presents the idea that more distant objects become smaller in the image and elements of a uniform texture become smaller with distance.
Linear Perspective
Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D
_ show the relative height objects above a surface, provide strong depth cues for objects in motion and can be semi-realistic and still work as a depth cue.
Shadows
Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D
_ is a very powerfule depth cue; a process whereby something is hidden or obscured from prominence or view:
Occlusion
Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D
_ is the darkening or coloring of an illustration or diagram with parallel lines or a block of color:
Shading
Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D
Other depth cues include: _, _, and _.
depth of focus
motion parallax
stereoscopic depth
Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D
For _ judgement, stereo is important, and shadows and occlusion.
fine-scale
Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D
For _ judgement, linear perspective, motion parallax, and perspective are important.
large-scale
Pre-Attentive Cues: Shape, Symbol
_ should be rapidly perceived and differentiated, especially in maps, military uses and etc.
Shape, symbols
Pre-Attentive Cues: Luminance/Brightness
_ is perceived amount of light coming from source.
Brightness
Pre-Attentive Cues: Luminance/Brightness
_ is the measured amount of light coming from some place.
Luminance
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
In CIE, _ is used in print while _ is used in display.
CIELAB
CIELUV
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
In color models, _ is based on technology models while _ is based on perceptual color model.
RGB
HSB (HSV)
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
In the HSB model, _ is what people think of color.
Hue
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
In the HSB model, _ is the intensity or whiteness of the color.
Saturation
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
In the HSB model, _ is the lightness or darkness of color.
Brightness or value
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
_ is important for foreground-background colors to differ in brightness.
Contrast
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
The colors that can be used for categories of nominal variables are:
Red, Green, Yellow, Blue, Black, White, Pink, Cyan, Gray, Orange, Brown, Purple
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
In the ordinal data principles, _ presents that ordered values should be represented by perceptualy ordered colors.
Order
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
In the ordinal data principles, _ presents that significantly different levels should be represented by distinghuishable colors.
Separation
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
In the ordinal data principles, _ is good for showing form.
Luminance
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
In the ordinal data principle, using _ is useful for showing readable values.
Many hues
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
In interval sequences, _ indicate regions by showing the boundaries.
Contour
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
In interval sequences, _ is used to indicate regions and to distinguish different objects/object.
Color
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
In choosing color scheme, we must consider _.
CUT-DDV framework
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
Consider _ as in nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio.
Data
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
In using symbols, _ symbols are understandable without training, are resistance to instructional bias, are hard-wired and fast, and are valid cross-cultyrally.
Sensory
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
In using symbols, _ symbols are hard to learn, easy to forget and embedded in culture and applications.
Arbitrary
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
In _ channel, properties of detail, form, shading, motion and stereo are seen.
Luminance
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
In _ channel, properties of surfacesm labels, categories and speciality of red, green, yellow and blue are seen.
Chromatic
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
In the interpretations of visual properties, _ states that the darker the shade is, the more it is.
Density/Grayscale
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
In the interpretation of visual properties, _ states that the larger the area of color is, the more it is.
Size/Length/Area
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
In the interpretations of visual properties, _ states that the leftmost and topmost areas are to be seen first.
Position
Pre-Attentive Cues: Color
In the interpretations of visual properties, _ has no intrinsic meaning.
Slope
