Visual Perception and Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

___ is the process of knowing or being aware of information through the eyes.

A

Visual Perception

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2
Q

___ is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory information.

A

Visual Perception

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3
Q

___ is applying methods of physics to measuring human perceptual systems.

A

Psychophysics

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4
Q

___ is understanding how people think.

A

Cognitive Psychology

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5
Q

Visual Systems

The _ includes the pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve and brain.

A

Light Path

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6
Q

Visual Systems

The _ arerods and cones which are unevenly distributed.

A

Retinal Cells

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7
Q

Visual Systems

The _ are three ‘color receptors’ and are concentrated in fovea.

A

Cones

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8
Q

Visual Systems

The _ are low-light receptors and are for peripheral vision.

A

Rods

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9
Q

Model of Perceptual Processing

This stage includes early, parallel
detection of color, texture, shape, spatial attributes.

A

Stage 1

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10
Q

Model of Perceptual Processing

This stage is described through the following: Neurons in eye & brain responsible for different kinds of information (orientation, color, texture, movement, etc.); Arrays of neurons work in parallel; Occurs “automatically”; Rapid; Information is transitory, briefly held in iconic store; Bottom-up data-driven model of processing; Often called “pre-attentive” processing

A

Stage 1

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11
Q

Model of Perceptual Processing

This stage includes dividing visual field into regions and simple patterns.

A

Stage 2

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12
Q

Model of Perceptual Processing

This stage is described through the following: slow serial processing, Involves working and long-term memory, a combination of bottom-up feature processing and top-down attentional mechanisms, and different visual systems for object recognition and visually guided motion.

A

Stage 2

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13
Q

Model of Perceptual Processing

This is holding objects in working memory by demands of active attention.

A

Stage 3

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14
Q

Model of Perceptual Processing

This includes: top-down attention-driven model of processing, slow serial processing, involves working and long term memory a few objects are constructed from the available patterns to provide answers to visual queries.

A

Stage 3

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15
Q

The visual working memory is different from the verbal working memory, has low capacity, where the locations are egocentric, and is controlled by __. The time to get attention is __ and the time to get some gist is __. It is also not automatically fed into the long term memory.

A

Attention
100 ms
100 ms

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16
Q

How does the human visual system analyze image?

  1. Some things seem to be done _, without the need for focused attention
  2. Generally take less than _ msecs (eye movements take 200 msecs)
  3. Seems to be done in parallel by __ system
  4. An important contribution vision science makes to data visualization is that a limited set of visual properties can be detected very rapidly and accurately by the low-level visual system
A
  1. preattentively
  2. 200 to 250 ms
  3. low-level vision
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17
Q

What are the potential preattentive features?

A

length
width
size
curvature
number
terminators
intersection
closure
hue
intensity
flicker
direction of motion
binocular lustre
stereoscopic depth
3-D depth cues
lighting direction

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18
Q

Pre-attentive Tasks

_ asks the question: Is there something here?

A

Target Detection

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19
Q

Pre-attentive Tasks

_ asks the question: Can the elements be grouped?

A

Boundary Detection

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20
Q

Pre-attentive Tasks

_ asks the question: How many elements of a certain type are present?

A

Counting

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21
Q

What are the key perceptual properties?

A

Texture, 3D, Motion, Shape, Groupings (Spatial and Multiresolution), Brightness/Luminance, Color

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22
Q

Pre-Attentive Cues

A _ represents that visual sensation that allows us to pre-attentively differentiate two adjacent, possibly structured parts in our visual field without eye movement which includes micro-structures, patterns, profiles and etc.

A

visual texture

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23
Q

Pre-Attentive Cues: Texture

To identify textures, an observation of about _ ms is sufficient, and cognitively controlled processes require about _ ms.

A

160 to 200
300 to 400

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24
Q

Pre-Attentive Cues: Texture

The classificatino of textures is based on:

A

coarseness, contrast, directionality (orientation), scale, line-likeness, regularity, roughness

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25
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Texture _ are fundamental micro-structures in generic natural images; basic elements in the pre-attentive visual perception.
Textons
26
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Texture Textons can be classified into three general categories:
1. elongated blobs (line segments, rectangles, ellipses) with specific properties such as hue, orientation, and width, at different level of scales 2. terminators (end of line segments) 3. crossings of line segments
27
# Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D 3D display should provide _.
depth cues
28
# Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D _ presents the idea that more distant objects become smaller in the image and elements of a uniform texture become smaller with distance.
Linear Perspective
29
# Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D _ show the relative height objects above a surface, provide strong depth cues for objects in motion and can be semi-realistic and still work as a depth cue.
Shadows
30
# Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D _ is a very powerfule depth cue; a process whereby something is hidden or obscured from prominence or view:
Occlusion
31
# Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D _ is the darkening or coloring of an illustration or diagram with parallel lines or a block of color:
Shading
32
# Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D Other depth cues include: _, _, and _.
depth of focus motion parallax stereoscopic depth
33
# Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D For _ judgement, stereo is important, and shadows and occlusion.
fine-scale
34
# Pre-Attentive Cues: 3D For _ judgement, linear perspective, motion parallax, and perspective are important.
large-scale
35
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Shape, Symbol _ should be rapidly perceived and differentiated, especially in maps, military uses and etc.
Shape, symbols
36
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Luminance/Brightness _ is perceived amount of light coming from source.
Brightness
37
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Luminance/Brightness _ is the measured amount of light coming from some place.
Luminance
38
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color In CIE, _ is used in print while _ is used in display.
CIELAB CIELUV
39
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color In color models, _ is based on technology models while _ is based on perceptual color model.
RGB HSB (HSV)
40
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color In the HSB model, _ is what people think of color.
Hue
41
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color In the HSB model, _ is the intensity or whiteness of the color.
Saturation
42
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color In the HSB model, _ is the lightness or darkness of color.
Brightness or value
43
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color _ is important for foreground-background colors to differ in brightness.
Contrast
44
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color The colors that can be used for categories of nominal variables are:
Red, Green, Yellow, Blue, Black, White, Pink, Cyan, Gray, Orange, Brown, Purple
45
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color In the ordinal data principles, _ presents that ordered values should be represented by perceptualy ordered colors.
Order
46
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color In the ordinal data principles, _ presents that significantly different levels should be represented by distinghuishable colors.
Separation
47
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color In the ordinal data principles, _ is good for showing form.
Luminance
48
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color In the ordinal data principle, using _ is useful for showing readable values.
Many hues
49
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color In interval sequences, _ indicate regions by showing the boundaries.
Contour
50
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color In interval sequences, _ is used to indicate regions and to distinguish different objects/object.
Color
51
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color In choosing color scheme, we must consider _.
CUT-DDV framework
52
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color Consider _ as in nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio.
Data
53
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color In using symbols, _ symbols are understandable without training, are resistance to instructional bias, are hard-wired and fast, and are valid cross-cultyrally.
Sensory
54
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color In using symbols, _ symbols are hard to learn, easy to forget and embedded in culture and applications.
Arbitrary
55
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color In _ channel, properties of detail, form, shading, motion and stereo are seen.
Luminance
56
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color In _ channel, properties of surfacesm labels, categories and speciality of red, green, yellow and blue are seen.
Chromatic
57
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color In the interpretations of visual properties, _ states that the darker the shade is, the more it is.
Density/Grayscale
58
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color In the interpretation of visual properties, _ states that the larger the area of color is, the more it is.
Size/Length/Area
59
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color In the interpretations of visual properties, _ states that the leftmost and topmost areas are to be seen first.
Position
60
# Pre-Attentive Cues: Color In the interpretations of visual properties, _ has no intrinsic meaning.
Slope