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Cognitive Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory Processes

_ is transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained in the memory system.

A

Encoding

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2
Q

Memory Processes

_ is retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time.

A

Storage

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3
Q

Memory Processes

_ is recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it.

A

Retrieval

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4
Q

Stages of Memory

_ process for basic physical characteristics.

A

Sensory Memory

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5
Q

Stages of Memory

_ has a large capacity and can hold many times at once.

A

Sensory Memory

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6
Q

Stages of Memory

_ has a very brief retention of images

A

Sensory Memory

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7
Q

Stages of Memory: Sensory Memory

The Sensory Memory has a retention of _ for visual information and _ for auditory information.

A

3 seconds
2 seconds

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8
Q

Stages of Memory: Sensory Imformation

The Sensory is divided into two types: _ processes visual information and _ processes auditory information.

A

Iconic memory
Echoic memory

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9
Q

Stages of Memory: Sensory Memory

_ is needed to transfer information to working memory.

A

Attention

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10
Q

Stages of Memory: Sensory Memory

_ is a brief memory of an image or icon and is also called iconic memory.

A

Visual Sensory Memory

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11
Q

Stages of Memory: Sensory Memory

_ is brief memory of a sound or echo and is also called echoic memory.

A

Auditory Sensory Memory

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12
Q

Stages of Memory: Sensory Memory

Between visual and auditory sensory memory, _ may last a bit longer than _.

A

Auditory Sensory Memories
Visual Sensory Memories

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13
Q

Stages of Memory

_ is the conscious processing of information or where information is actively worked on.

A

Short-Term Memory

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14
Q

Stages of Memory

_ has a limited capacity and can only hold 7+/-2 items.

A

Short-Term Memory

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15
Q

Stages of Memory

_ has a brief storage time, about 30 seconds.

A

Short-term Memory

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16
Q

Stages of Memory

_ allows information to remain in working memory longer than the usual 30 seconds.

A

Mental or Verbal Repitition of information

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17
Q

Stages of Memory

_ organizes and stores information and is a more passive form of storage than working memory.

A

Long-Term Memory

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18
Q

Stages of Memory

_ has an unlimited capacity.

A

Long-Term Memory

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19
Q

Stages of Memory

_ is thought to be permanent.

A

Long-Term Memory

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20
Q

Stages of Memory: Long-Term Memory

_ is a process that controls movement from working to long-term memory store.

A

Encoding

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21
Q

Stages of Memory: Long-Term Memory

_ is a process that controls flow of information from long-term to working memory store.

A

Retrieval

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22
Q

Encoding

_ is an unconscious enconding of information.

A

Automatic processing

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23
Q

Encoding

Examples of _ are:
What did you eat for lunch today?
Was the last time you studied during the day or night?

A

Automatic processing

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24
Q

Encoding

_ requires attention and conscious effort.

A

Effortful processing

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25
Q

Encoding

Examples of _ are:
Memorizing your notes for your upcoming Introduction to Psychology exams

A

Effortful encoding

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26
Q

Types of Long-Term Memory

_ are memories with awareness where information can be consciously recollected and also called; _.

A

Explicit memories
declarative memory

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27
Q

Types of Long-Term Memory

_ can be used to directly respond to a question.

A

Explicit memory

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28
Q

Types of Long-Term Memory: Explicit Memory

_ are information about events or episodes.

A

Episodic information

29
Q

Types of Long-Term Memory: Explicit Memory

_ are memory tied to your own personal experiences.

A

Episodic Memory

30
Q

Types of Long-Term Memory: Explicit Memory

Examples of _ are:
What month is your birthday?
Do you like to eat caramel apples?

A

Episodic Memory

31
Q

Types of Long-Term Memory: Explicit Memory

_ are information about general facts, general knowledge and school work.

A

Semantic Information

32
Q

Types of Long-Term Memory: Explicit Memory

_ are memories not tied to personal events and general facts and definitions about the world.

A

Semantic Memory

33
Q

Types of Long-Term Memory: Explicit Memory

Examples of _ are:
How many tires on a car?
What is a cloud?
What color is a banana?

A

Semantic Memory

34
Q

Types of Long-Term Memory

_ are nondeclarative memory and influences your thoughts or behavior, but does not enter consciousness.

A

Implicit Memory

35
Q

Types of Long-Term Memory: Implicit Memory

_ are memories that enable you to perform specific learned skills or habitual responses.

A

Procedural Memories

36
Q

Organization of Memories

_ are organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory.

A

Clustering

37
Q

Organization of Memories

_ are grouping small bits of information into larger units of information.

A

Chunking

38
Q

_ presents that there are mental links between concepts and common properties provide basis for mental link.

A

Semantic Network Model

39
Q

Semantic Network Model

if there is a shorter path between two concepts, there is a _ in memory.

A

stronger association

40
Q

Forgetting as retrieval failure

_ is a process of accessing stored information.

A

Retrieval

41
Q

Measures of Retrieval

_ is a test of long-term memory that involves retrieving memories without cues, and also termed free recall.

A

Recall

42
Q

Measures of Retrieval

_ is a test of long-term memory that invovles remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue.

A

Cued recall

43
Q

Measures of Retrieval

_ is a test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information from a series of possible choices.

A

Recognition

44
Q

Measures of Retrieval

_ is the tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than the items in the middle.

A

Serial position effect

45
Q

Encoding Specificity

When conditions of retrieval are similar to conditions of encoding, retrieval is more likely to be _.

A

successful

46
Q

Encoding Specificity

Factors of _, _, and _ affect encoding and retrieval.

A

Context effects
State dependent retrieval
Mood Congruence

46
Q

Encoding Specificity

Factors that affects encoding and recall such as environemtanl cues to recall are _.

A

Context effects

47
Q

Encoding Specificity

Factors that affects encoding and recall such as physical and internal factors _.

A

State dependent retrieval

48
Q

Encoding Specificity

Factors that affects encoding and recall such as those related to mood or emotions are _.

A

Mood Congruence

49
Q

_ are recall of very specific images or details about a vivid, rare, or significant event, but they are not more accuracte than ordinary memories.

A

Flashbulb Memories

50
Q

Forgetting Theories

_ happens when the information is never encoded into the long-term memory.

A

Encoding Failure

51
Q

Forgetting Theories

_ states that forgetting happens not because of passage of time but by one memory competing with or replacing another memory.

A

Interference Theories

52
Q

Forgetting Theories: Interference

_ happens when a new memory intereferes with remembering old information.

A

Retroactive Interference

53
Q

Forgetting Theories: Interference

What interference is drawn from this statement: When new phone number interferes with ability to remember old phone number.

A

Retroactive Interference

54
Q

Forgetting Theories: Interference

_ happens when an old memory interferes with remembering new information.

A

Proactive Interference

55
Q

Forgetting Theories: Interference

What interference is drawn from this statement: Memories of where you parked your car on campus the past week interferes with ability find car today.

A

Proactive Interference

56
Q

Forgetting Theories

_ happens when undesired memory is held back from awareness.

A

Motivated Forgetting

57
Q

Forgetting Theories: Motivated Forgetting

_ is conscious forgetting while _ is unconscious forgetting.

A

Suppression
Repression

58
Q

Forgetting Theories

_ states that time plays a critical role and memories fade away or decay gradually if unused.

A

Decay Theories

59
Q

Forgetting Theories

_ is a biology-based theory and states that the ability to retrieve information declines with time after original encoding.

A

Decay Theories

60
Q

Forgetting Theories: Decay Theories

When new memory is formed, it creates a _ or _ (a change in brain structure or chemistry).

A

Memory Trace
Engram

61
Q

_ is severe memory loss.

A

Amnesia

62
Q

Amnesia

_ is the inability to remember past episoding information; common after head injury; need for consolidation.

A

Retrograde Amnesia

63
Q

Amnesia

_ is the inability to form new memories; related to hippocampus damage.

A

Anterograde amnesia

64
Q

Fallacies of Amnesia

What fallacy is described in the statement:
People suffering from amnesia typically cannot recall their own name oridentity. 83% of the respondents agreed; all 16 experts disagreed.

A

Fallacy 1

  • This fallacy can be excused because most respondents do not have first-hand knowledge of amnesia.
  • What most people know about this subject likely originated fromThe Bourne Identityand other movies.
65
Q

Fallacies of Amnesia

What fallacy is described in the statement:
63% of people agree that human memory works like a video camera, accurately recording the events we see and hear so that we can review them later.None of the experts agree. Memory is a fabrication-a reconstruction, not a recording.

A

Fallacy 2: Eye-witness Testimony

  • Our minds are very selective about what we remember, and they have to be.
  • Most of what we experience will be useless in the future and is best forgotten.
  • Memory can be distorted by subsequent events, as experiences are replayed andmemoriesbecome reconsolidated and integrated with existing information in thebrain.
  • If jurors believe that memory works like a video camera, they may rely too heavily on eyewitness testimony.
66
Q

Fallacy of Amnesia

What fallacy is being described in the statement:
About half (55.4%) of respondents believe that hypnosis is useful in helping witnesses accurately recall details of a crime.None of the experts agreed, but two experts indicated that they did not know the answer.

A

Fallacy 3: Hypnosis

  • Here the courts are ahead of the general public, because courts already treat hypnosis-based recollections as untrustworthy.
  • Here’s a clue: “When you open your eyes you will forget everything…”
67
Q

Fallacy of Amnesia

What fallacy is being described in the statement:
48% of the general public believe that memory is permanent, something the experts know is false.

A

Fallacy 4

  • After a lost fact is provided or a misplaced item is found, we are rarely astounded by the discovery, but gently reminded of the latent memory.
  • This suggests that memories are permanently stored in the brain, but that recalling them can sometimes be a problem.

Cognitive Psychology (8 decks)

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