Memory

Question 1

Memory Processes

_ is transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained in the memory system.

Answer 1

Encoding

Question 2

Memory Processes

_ is retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time.

Answer 2

Storage

Question 3

Memory Processes

_ is recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it.

Answer 3

Retrieval

Question 4

Stages of Memory

_ process for basic physical characteristics.

Answer 4

Sensory Memory

Question 5

Stages of Memory

_ has a large capacity and can hold many times at once.

Answer 5

Sensory Memory

Question 6

Stages of Memory

_ has a very brief retention of images

Answer 6

Sensory Memory

Question 7

Stages of Memory: Sensory Memory

The Sensory Memory has a retention of _ for visual information and _ for auditory information.

Answer 7

3 seconds
2 seconds

Question 8

Stages of Memory: Sensory Imformation

The Sensory is divided into two types: _ processes visual information and _ processes auditory information.

Answer 8

Iconic memory
Echoic memory

Question 9

Stages of Memory: Sensory Memory

_ is needed to transfer information to working memory.

Answer 9

Attention

Question 10

Stages of Memory: Sensory Memory

_ is a brief memory of an image or icon and is also called iconic memory.

Answer 10

Visual Sensory Memory

Question 11

Stages of Memory: Sensory Memory

_ is brief memory of a sound or echo and is also called echoic memory.

Answer 11

Auditory Sensory Memory

Question 12

Stages of Memory: Sensory Memory

Between visual and auditory sensory memory, _ may last a bit longer than _.

Answer 12

Auditory Sensory Memories
Visual Sensory Memories

Question 13

Stages of Memory

_ is the conscious processing of information or where information is actively worked on.

Answer 13

Short-Term Memory

Question 14

Stages of Memory

_ has a limited capacity and can only hold 7+/-2 items.

Answer 14

Short-Term Memory

Question 15

Stages of Memory

_ has a brief storage time, about 30 seconds.

Answer 15

Short-term Memory

Question 16

Stages of Memory

_ allows information to remain in working memory longer than the usual 30 seconds.

Answer 16

Mental or Verbal Repitition of information

Question 17

Stages of Memory

_ organizes and stores information and is a more passive form of storage than working memory.

Answer 17

Long-Term Memory

Question 18

Stages of Memory

_ has an unlimited capacity.

Answer 18

Long-Term Memory

Question 19

Stages of Memory

_ is thought to be permanent.

Answer 19

Long-Term Memory

Question 20

Stages of Memory: Long-Term Memory

_ is a process that controls movement from working to long-term memory store.

Answer 20

Encoding

Question 21

Stages of Memory: Long-Term Memory

_ is a process that controls flow of information from long-term to working memory store.

Answer 21

Retrieval

Question 22

Encoding

_ is an unconscious enconding of information.

Answer 22

Automatic processing

Question 23

Encoding

Examples of _ are:
What did you eat for lunch today?
Was the last time you studied during the day or night?

Answer 23

Automatic processing

Question 24

Encoding

_ requires attention and conscious effort.

Answer 24

Effortful processing

Question 25

# Encoding Examples of _ are: Memorizing your notes for your upcoming Introduction to Psychology exams

Answer 25

Effortful encoding

Question 26

# Types of Long-Term Memory _ are memories with awareness where information can be consciously recollected and also called; _.

Answer 26

Explicit memories declarative memory

Question 27

# Types of Long-Term Memory _ can be used to directly respond to a question.

Answer 27

Explicit memory

Question 28

# Types of Long-Term Memory: Explicit Memory _ are information about events or episodes.

Answer 28

Episodic information

Question 29

# Types of Long-Term Memory: Explicit Memory _ are memory tied to your own personal experiences.

Answer 29

Episodic Memory

Question 30

# Types of Long-Term Memory: Explicit Memory Examples of _ are: What month is your birthday? Do you like to eat caramel apples?

Answer 30

Episodic Memory

Question 31

# Types of Long-Term Memory: Explicit Memory _ are information about general facts, general knowledge and school work.

Answer 31

Semantic Information

Question 32

# Types of Long-Term Memory: Explicit Memory _ are memories not tied to personal events and general facts and definitions about the world.

Answer 32

Semantic Memory

Question 33

# Types of Long-Term Memory: Explicit Memory Examples of _ are: How many tires on a car? What is a cloud? What color is a banana?

Answer 33

Semantic Memory

Question 34

# Types of Long-Term Memory _ are nondeclarative memory and influences your thoughts or behavior, but does not enter consciousness.

Answer 34

Implicit Memory

Question 35

# Types of Long-Term Memory: Implicit Memory _ are memories that enable you to perform specific learned skills or habitual responses.

Answer 35

Procedural Memories

Question 36

# Organization of Memories _ are organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory.

Answer 36

Clustering

Question 37

# Organization of Memories _ are grouping small bits of information into larger units of information.

Answer 37

Chunking

Question 38

_ presents that there are mental links between concepts and common properties provide basis for mental link.

Answer 38

Semantic Network Model

Question 39

# Semantic Network Model if there is a shorter path between two concepts, there is a _ in memory.

Answer 39

stronger association

Question 40

# Forgetting as retrieval failure _ is a process of accessing stored information.

Answer 40

Retrieval

Question 41

# Measures of Retrieval _ is a test of long-term memory that involves retrieving memories without cues, and also termed free recall.

Answer 41

Recall

Question 42

# Measures of Retrieval _ is a test of long-term memory that invovles remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue.

Answer 42

Cued recall

Question 43

# Measures of Retrieval _ is a test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information from a series of possible choices.

Answer 43

Recognition

Question 44

# Measures of Retrieval _ is the tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than the items in the middle.

Answer 44

Serial position effect

Question 45

# Encoding Specificity When conditions of retrieval are similar to conditions of encoding, retrieval is more likely to be _.

Answer 45

successful

Question 46

# Encoding Specificity Factors of _, _, and _ affect encoding and retrieval.

Answer 46

Context effects State dependent retrieval Mood Congruence

Question 46

# Encoding Specificity Factors that affects encoding and recall such as environemtanl cues to recall are _.

Answer 46

Context effects

Question 47

# Encoding Specificity Factors that affects encoding and recall such as physical and internal factors _.

Answer 47

State dependent retrieval

Question 48

# Encoding Specificity Factors that affects encoding and recall such as those related to mood or emotions are _.

Answer 48

Mood Congruence

Question 49

_ are recall of very specific images or details about a vivid, rare, or significant event, but they are not more accuracte than ordinary memories.

Answer 49

Flashbulb Memories

Question 50

# Forgetting Theories _ happens when the information is never encoded into the long-term memory.

Answer 50

Encoding Failure

Question 51

# Forgetting Theories _ states that forgetting happens not because of passage of time but by one memory competing with or replacing another memory.

Answer 51

Interference Theories

Question 52

# Forgetting Theories: Interference _ happens when a new memory intereferes with remembering old information.

Answer 52

Retroactive Interference

Question 53

# Forgetting Theories: Interference What interference is drawn from this statement: When new phone number interferes with ability to remember old phone number.

Answer 53

Retroactive Interference

Question 54

# Forgetting Theories: Interference _ happens when an old memory interferes with remembering new information.

Answer 54

Proactive Interference

Question 55

# Forgetting Theories: Interference What interference is drawn from this statement: Memories of where you parked your car on campus the past week interferes with ability find car today.

Answer 55

Proactive Interference

Question 56

# Forgetting Theories _ happens when undesired memory is held back from awareness.

Answer 56

Motivated Forgetting

Question 57

# Forgetting Theories: Motivated Forgetting _ is conscious forgetting while _ is unconscious forgetting.

Answer 57

Suppression Repression

Question 58

# Forgetting Theories _ states that time plays a critical role and memories fade away or decay gradually if unused.

Answer 58

Decay Theories

Question 59

# Forgetting Theories _ is a biology-based theory and states that the ability to retrieve information declines with time after original encoding.

Answer 59

Decay Theories

Question 60

# Forgetting Theories: Decay Theories When new memory is formed, it creates a _ or _ (a change in brain structure or chemistry).

Answer 60

Memory Trace Engram

Question 61

_ is severe memory loss.

Answer 61

Amnesia

Question 62

# Amnesia _ is the inability to remember past episoding information; common after head injury; need for consolidation.

Answer 62

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 63

# Amnesia _ is the inability to form new memories; related to hippocampus damage.

Answer 63

Anterograde amnesia

Question 64

# Fallacies of Amnesia What fallacy is described in the statement: People suffering from amnesia typically cannot recall their own name or identity.  83% of the respondents agreed; all 16 experts disagreed. 

Answer 64

Fallacy 1 ## Footnote * This fallacy can be excused because most respondents do not have first-hand knowledge of amnesia.  * What most people know about this subject likely originated from The Bourne Identity and other movies.

Question 65

# Fallacies of Amnesia What fallacy is described in the statement: 63% of people agree that human memory works like a video camera, accurately recording the events we see and hear so that we can review them later. None of the experts agree.  Memory is a fabrication-a reconstruction, not a recording. 

Answer 65

Fallacy 2: Eye-witness Testimony ## Footnote * Our minds are very selective about what we remember, and they have to be.  * Most of what we experience will be useless in the future and is best forgotten.  * Memory can be distorted by subsequent events, as experiences are replayed and memories become reconsolidated and integrated with existing information in the brain.  * If jurors believe that memory works like a video camera, they may rely too heavily on eyewitness testimony.

Question 66

# Fallacy of Amnesia What fallacy is being described in the statement: About half (55.4%) of respondents believe that hypnosis is useful in helping witnesses accurately recall details of a crime. None of the experts agreed, but two experts indicated that they did not know the answer. 

Answer 66

Fallacy 3: Hypnosis ## Footnote * Here the courts are ahead of the general public, because courts already treat hypnosis-based recollections as untrustworthy.  * Here's a clue: "When you open your eyes you will forget everything..."

Question 67

# Fallacy of Amnesia What fallacy is being described in the statement: 48% of the general public believe that memory is permanent, something the experts know is false. 

Answer 67

Fallacy 4 ## Footnote * After a lost fact is provided or a misplaced item is found, we are rarely astounded by the discovery, but gently reminded of the latent memory.  * This suggests that memories are permanently stored in the brain, but that recalling them can sometimes be a problem.