Memory Flashcards
Memory Processes
_ is transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained in the memory system.
Encoding
Memory Processes
_ is retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time.
Storage
Memory Processes
_ is recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it.
Retrieval
Stages of Memory
_ process for basic physical characteristics.
Sensory Memory
Stages of Memory
_ has a large capacity and can hold many times at once.
Sensory Memory
Stages of Memory
_ has a very brief retention of images
Sensory Memory
Stages of Memory: Sensory Memory
The Sensory Memory has a retention of _ for visual information and _ for auditory information.
3 seconds
2 seconds
Stages of Memory: Sensory Imformation
The Sensory is divided into two types: _ processes visual information and _ processes auditory information.
Iconic memory
Echoic memory
Stages of Memory: Sensory Memory
_ is needed to transfer information to working memory.
Attention
Stages of Memory: Sensory Memory
_ is a brief memory of an image or icon and is also called iconic memory.
Visual Sensory Memory
Stages of Memory: Sensory Memory
_ is brief memory of a sound or echo and is also called echoic memory.
Auditory Sensory Memory
Stages of Memory: Sensory Memory
Between visual and auditory sensory memory, _ may last a bit longer than _.
Auditory Sensory Memories
Visual Sensory Memories
Stages of Memory
_ is the conscious processing of information or where information is actively worked on.
Short-Term Memory
Stages of Memory
_ has a limited capacity and can only hold 7+/-2 items.
Short-Term Memory
Stages of Memory
_ has a brief storage time, about 30 seconds.
Short-term Memory
Stages of Memory
_ allows information to remain in working memory longer than the usual 30 seconds.
Mental or Verbal Repitition of information
Stages of Memory
_ organizes and stores information and is a more passive form of storage than working memory.
Long-Term Memory
Stages of Memory
_ has an unlimited capacity.
Long-Term Memory
Stages of Memory
_ is thought to be permanent.
Long-Term Memory
Stages of Memory: Long-Term Memory
_ is a process that controls movement from working to long-term memory store.
Encoding
Stages of Memory: Long-Term Memory
_ is a process that controls flow of information from long-term to working memory store.
Retrieval
Encoding
_ is an unconscious enconding of information.
Automatic processing
Encoding
Examples of _ are:
What did you eat for lunch today?
Was the last time you studied during the day or night?
Automatic processing
Encoding
_ requires attention and conscious effort.
Effortful processing
Encoding
Examples of _ are:
Memorizing your notes for your upcoming Introduction to Psychology exams
Effortful encoding
Types of Long-Term Memory
_ are memories with awareness where information can be consciously recollected and also called; _.
Explicit memories
declarative memory
Types of Long-Term Memory
_ can be used to directly respond to a question.
Explicit memory
Types of Long-Term Memory: Explicit Memory
_ are information about events or episodes.
Episodic information
Types of Long-Term Memory: Explicit Memory
_ are memory tied to your own personal experiences.
Episodic Memory
Types of Long-Term Memory: Explicit Memory
Examples of _ are:
What month is your birthday?
Do you like to eat caramel apples?
Episodic Memory
Types of Long-Term Memory: Explicit Memory
_ are information about general facts, general knowledge and school work.
Semantic Information
Types of Long-Term Memory: Explicit Memory
_ are memories not tied to personal events and general facts and definitions about the world.
Semantic Memory
Types of Long-Term Memory: Explicit Memory
Examples of _ are:
How many tires on a car?
What is a cloud?
What color is a banana?
Semantic Memory
Types of Long-Term Memory
_ are nondeclarative memory and influences your thoughts or behavior, but does not enter consciousness.
Implicit Memory
Types of Long-Term Memory: Implicit Memory
_ are memories that enable you to perform specific learned skills or habitual responses.
Procedural Memories
Organization of Memories
_ are organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory.
Clustering
Organization of Memories
_ are grouping small bits of information into larger units of information.
Chunking
_ presents that there are mental links between concepts and common properties provide basis for mental link.
Semantic Network Model
Semantic Network Model
if there is a shorter path between two concepts, there is a _ in memory.
stronger association
Forgetting as retrieval failure
_ is a process of accessing stored information.
Retrieval
Measures of Retrieval
_ is a test of long-term memory that involves retrieving memories without cues, and also termed free recall.
Recall
Measures of Retrieval
_ is a test of long-term memory that invovles remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue.
Cued recall
Measures of Retrieval
_ is a test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information from a series of possible choices.
Recognition
Measures of Retrieval
_ is the tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than the items in the middle.
Serial position effect
Encoding Specificity
When conditions of retrieval are similar to conditions of encoding, retrieval is more likely to be _.
successful
Encoding Specificity
Factors of _, _, and _ affect encoding and retrieval.
Context effects
State dependent retrieval
Mood Congruence
Encoding Specificity
Factors that affects encoding and recall such as environemtanl cues to recall are _.
Context effects
Encoding Specificity
Factors that affects encoding and recall such as physical and internal factors _.
State dependent retrieval
Encoding Specificity
Factors that affects encoding and recall such as those related to mood or emotions are _.
Mood Congruence
_ are recall of very specific images or details about a vivid, rare, or significant event, but they are not more accuracte than ordinary memories.
Flashbulb Memories
Forgetting Theories
_ happens when the information is never encoded into the long-term memory.
Encoding Failure
Forgetting Theories
_ states that forgetting happens not because of passage of time but by one memory competing with or replacing another memory.
Interference Theories
Forgetting Theories: Interference
_ happens when a new memory intereferes with remembering old information.
Retroactive Interference
Forgetting Theories: Interference
What interference is drawn from this statement: When new phone number interferes with ability to remember old phone number.
Retroactive Interference
Forgetting Theories: Interference
_ happens when an old memory interferes with remembering new information.
Proactive Interference
Forgetting Theories: Interference
What interference is drawn from this statement: Memories of where you parked your car on campus the past week interferes with ability find car today.
Proactive Interference
Forgetting Theories
_ happens when undesired memory is held back from awareness.
Motivated Forgetting
Forgetting Theories: Motivated Forgetting
_ is conscious forgetting while _ is unconscious forgetting.
Suppression
Repression
Forgetting Theories
_ states that time plays a critical role and memories fade away or decay gradually if unused.
Decay Theories
Forgetting Theories
_ is a biology-based theory and states that the ability to retrieve information declines with time after original encoding.
Decay Theories
Forgetting Theories: Decay Theories
When new memory is formed, it creates a _ or _ (a change in brain structure or chemistry).
Memory Trace
Engram
_ is severe memory loss.
Amnesia
Amnesia
_ is the inability to remember past episoding information; common after head injury; need for consolidation.
Retrograde Amnesia
Amnesia
_ is the inability to form new memories; related to hippocampus damage.
Anterograde amnesia
Fallacies of Amnesia
What fallacy is described in the statement:
People suffering from amnesia typically cannot recall their own name oridentity. 83% of the respondents agreed; all 16 experts disagreed.
Fallacy 1
- This fallacy can be excused because most respondents do not have first-hand knowledge of amnesia.
- What most people know about this subject likely originated fromThe Bourne Identityand other movies.
Fallacies of Amnesia
What fallacy is described in the statement:
63% of people agree that human memory works like a video camera, accurately recording the events we see and hear so that we can review them later.None of the experts agree. Memory is a fabrication-a reconstruction, not a recording.
Fallacy 2: Eye-witness Testimony
- Our minds are very selective about what we remember, and they have to be.
- Most of what we experience will be useless in the future and is best forgotten.
- Memory can be distorted by subsequent events, as experiences are replayed andmemoriesbecome reconsolidated and integrated with existing information in thebrain.
- If jurors believe that memory works like a video camera, they may rely too heavily on eyewitness testimony.
Fallacy of Amnesia
What fallacy is being described in the statement:
About half (55.4%) of respondents believe that hypnosis is useful in helping witnesses accurately recall details of a crime.None of the experts agreed, but two experts indicated that they did not know the answer.
Fallacy 3: Hypnosis
- Here the courts are ahead of the general public, because courts already treat hypnosis-based recollections as untrustworthy.
- Here’s a clue: “When you open your eyes you will forget everything…”
Fallacy of Amnesia
What fallacy is being described in the statement:
48% of the general public believe that memory is permanent, something the experts know is false.
Fallacy 4
- After a lost fact is provided or a misplaced item is found, we are rarely astounded by the discovery, but gently reminded of the latent memory.
- This suggests that memories are permanently stored in the brain, but that recalling them can sometimes be a problem.
