Attention and Consciousness

Question 1

__ is when a person does not notice even a major change in a scene. Example: Stage magicians use covert misdirection to accomplish their craft.

Answer 1

Change blindness

Question 2

__ is a phenomenon where people fail to notice an unexpected object or event that is clearly visible, because their attention is focused on something else

Answer 2

Inattentional blindness

Question 3

What paradigm is being described with the following process:
1. The subject maintains their attention on a fixation cross while the stimulus appears on one of two nearby boxes.
2. The subject presses a button to indicate where the stimulus is as soon as they notice the stimulus.
3. A cue may suggest where the stimulus will appear.

Answer 3

Attentional Orienting Paradigms

Question 4

In the Attentional Orienting Paradigms, if the cue correctly predicts the stimulus, there is a ___; but if not, there is ___.

Answer 4

Reaction time benefit
Reaction time cost

Question 5

In attentional orienting paradigms, ___ mechanisms focus voluntary attention, also known as ___.

Answer 5

Top-down
Endogenous Attention

Question 6

In attentional orienting paradigms, ___ mechanisms focus involuntary attention, also known as ___.

Answer 6

Bottom-up
Exogenous Attention

Question 7

What paradigm is being described with the following process:
1. The subject is presented with a series of stimuli that are all then same, then a novel stimulus is presented.
2. A physiological measure, such as fMRI or EEG, is used to monitor the response to the novel stimulus.

Answer 7

Oddball Paradigm

Question 8

In the Oddball Paradigm, the novel stimulus is also known as the __.

Answer 8

Oddball

Question 9

__ occurs when the stimulus can be interpreted in one way, or if you present a different image to each eye, the precept alternates between the two.

Answer 9

Perceptual Rivalry

Question 10

__ is the concentration of mental energy that must be used to process incoming information, and is selective, limited and both conscious and unconscious.

Answer 10

Attention

Question 11

___ can speed or slow processing and let us know what’s going on early cognitive processes, information processing in unconscious level.

Answer 11

Priming

Question 12

In __, target stimuli are processed faster if preceded by a related word.

Answer 12

Facilitative Priming

Question 13

In priming, __ requires no conscious control and __ requires conscious control.

Answer 13

Automatic Processing; Controlled Processing

Question 14

In functions of conscious attention, __ means actively searching for a target and where number of targets and distracters influence accuracy.

Answer 14

Search

Question 15

In searching, __ is looking for the letter O among the letter Ls.

Answer 15

Feature Search

Question 16

In searching, __ is looking for the letter T among the letter Ls.

Answer 16

Conjunctive Search

Question 17

__ is being described in the statement: Individual Feature processing is done in parallel. Simultaneous processing is done on the whole display and if feature is present– we detect it.

Answer 17

Feature Searching

Question 18

__ requires attention to the integration or combination of the features. Attention to particular combination of features must be done sequentially to detect presence of a certain combination.

Answer 18

Conjunctive Searching

Question 19

In search, __ happens when a target is defined by a single feature.

Answer 19

Feature Searching

Question 20

In search, __ happens when a target is defined by a two or more features.

Answer 20

Conjunctive Searching

Question 21

In the selectivity of attention, the __ presents the questions: How are we able to follow one conversation in the presence of other conversations?

Answer 21

Cocktail Party Problem

Question 22

In the models of selective attention, ___ presents that only one sensory channel is allowed to proceed and stimuli is filtered at sensory level.

Answer 22

Broadbent’s Model

Question 23

In the models of selective attention, ___ presents that the filter weakens the strength of unattended information.

Answer 23

Treisman Attenuation Model

Question 24

In the models of selective attention, ___ presents that all stimuli is processed to the level of meaning and their relevance determines further processing and action.

Answer 24

Late Selection Theory

Question 25

In the models of selective attention, Neissner synthesized that __ are parallel and note physical characteristics.

Answer 25

Pre-attentive Processes

Question 26

In the models of selective attention, Neissner synthesized that __ controlled processes that occur serially and in working memory.

Answer 26

Attentive Processes

Question 27

In processing, ___ requires no conscious control while __ requires conscious control.

Answer 27

Automatic Processing
Controlled Processing

Question 28

__ is a phenomenon that occurs when the name of a color doesn’t match the color in which it’s printed, making it harder to name the color.

Answer 28

Stroop Effect

Question 29

__ is a form of attention that involves multitasking and allows us to process different information sources and successfully carry out multiple tasks at a time.

Answer 29

Divided Attention

Question 30

__ is a procedure in experimental neuropsychology that requires an individual to perform two tasks simultaneously, in order to compare performance with single-task conditions.

Answer 30

Dual Task Paradigm

Question 31

In the theories of consciousness, __ is the idea proposed by Descartes that the mind and the brain are two different things.

Answer 31

Dualism

Question 32

In the theories of consciousness, __ presents that mental states depend on the functional role they play.

Answer 32

Functionalist Theories of Consciousness

Question 33

In the functionalist theories, the higher-order theory of consciousness suggests that a conscious perception requires: __, __, and __.

Answer 33

A lower-order representation
A higher-order representation
A functional link that connects the two

Question 34

In the functionalist theories, the global-workspace theory of consciousness suggests: __ and __.

Answer 34

There are many separate subunits within the brain.
Consciousness involves coordinating activity with these subunits.

Question 35

The integrated information theory of consciousness suggests that consciousness is __ and consciousness is __.

Answer 35

Informative
Highly-integrated

Question 36

There are three systems under information content and integration: __, __, and __.

Answer 36

High-information, low-integration system
Low-information, high-integration system
Moderate-information, moderate-integration system

Question 37

In information content and integration, __ is exercised in a large number of people who are each speaking to only one other person.

Answer 37

High-information, low integration system

Question 38

In information content and integration, __ is exercised in a large number of people chanting in unison.

Answer 38

Low-information, high-integration system

Question 39

In information content and integration, __ is exercised in a committees of people reporting to leadership.

Answer 39

Moderate-information, moderate-integration system