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Ophthalmology > Visual Loss and Blindness > Flashcards

Visual Loss and Blindness Flashcards

1
Q

Which artery supplies the inner 2/3rds of the retina?

A

Central retinal artery

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2
Q

Which arteries supply the optic nerve head?

A

Posterior ciliary arteries

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3
Q

Central retinal artery occlusion causes sudden/gradual painless/painful vision loss

A

Causes sudden painless vision loss

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4
Q

What light reflex is defective in central retinal artery occlusion?

A

Relative afferent pupil defect

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5
Q

What is the commonest cause of central retinal artery occlusion?

A

Plaque in the carotid artery

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6
Q

How should a central retinal artery occlusion be managed ophthalmically?

A

Ocular massage (convert central retinal artery occlusion to branch retinal artery occlusion)

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7
Q

If a patient says ‘a curtain is coming down’ on their vision what should be suspected?

A

Amaurosis fugax - transient central retinal artery occlusion

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8
Q

Give some signs of central retinal vein occlusion

A

Retinal haemorrhages
Disc swelling
Macular swelling

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9
Q

How can central retinal vein occlusion be treated?

A

Laser treatment

Anti-VEGF

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10
Q

In an arterial occlusion the retina is dark/pale while in a venous occlusion the retina is dark/pale

A

Arterial - pale

Venous - dark

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11
Q

What is occlusion of optic nerve head circulation known as?

A

Ischaemic optic neuropathy

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12
Q

What are the two common causes of ischaemic optic neuropathy?

A

Giant cell arteritis

Atherosclerosis

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13
Q

Give some symptoms of giant cell arteritis

A

Temporal headache
Scalp tenderness
Jaw claudication

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14
Q

How is giant cell arteritis treated?

A

Immediate high dose steroids

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15
Q

What is a vitreous haemorrhage?

A

Haemorrhage into the vitreous cavity

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16
Q

Give some signs of vitreous haemorrhage

A

Loss of red reflex
Floaters
Haemorrhage on fundoscopy

17
Q

How can retinal detachment occur?

A

Vitreous becomes less gel-like causing the retina to pull in on itself and detach

18
Q

Give some signs of retinal detachment

A

Sudden onset of flashes/floaters

Tear on ophthalmoscopy

19
Q

What is the commonest cause of blindness in elderly patients in developed countries?

A

Age-related macular degeneration

20
Q

What are the two types of ARMD?

A

Wet and dry

21
Q

What occurs in wet ARMD?

A

New blood vessels grow under retina which leak causing fluid build-up

22
Q

How is wet ARMD treated?

A

Anti-VEGF

23
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Effectively damage to the optic nerve resulting in visual loss

24
Q

What are the main two types of glaucoma?

A

Open-angle and closed angle

25
Q

What occurs in closed-angle glaucoma?

A

Aqueous build up between iris and lens causing the iris to be pushed forward blocking off trabecular meshwork and preventing aqueous drainage`

26
Q

Closed-angle glaucoma is an ophthalmic emergency. True/false?

A

True

27
Q

How do patients with closed-angle glaucoma present?

A

Painful red eye
Visual loss
Nausea

28
Q

Give some causes of sudden visual loss

A 
Closed angle glaucoma
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal detachment
Wet ARMD
Central retinal artery/vein occlusion
Ischaemic optic neuropathy
29
Q

What is a cataract?

A

A cloudiness of the lens

30
Q

Give some symptoms of cataract

A

Gradual vision decline

Glare

31
Q

What occurs in dry ARMD?

A

Drusen (waste products) build up and pull retina away from choroid

32
Q

What occurs in open-angle glaucoma?

A

Resistance to outflow of aqueous in trabecular meshwork

33
Q

How is any glaucoma treated?

A

Aim to preserve vision by lowering IOP

34
Q

Give some examples of refractive error

A

Myopia (short-sighted)
Hypermetropia (long-sighted)
Presbyopia (loss of accommodation with ageing)

35
Q

Give some causes of gradual vision loss

A

Cataract
Dry ARMD
Refractive error
Open angle glaucoma

Ophthalmology (14 decks)

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