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Ophthalmology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the layers of the cornea in terms of lipophilic/hydrophilic

A

Outer layer (epithelium) is lipophilic
Intermediate (stroma) layer is hydrophilic
Inner layer is lipophilic

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2
Q

Ocular surface inflammation can increase/decrease the lipophilic nature of the endothelium

A

Decrease

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3
Q

Acetate makes steroid more hydrophobic/philic while phosphate makes steroid more hydrophobic/philic

A

Acetate makes steroid more hydrophobic while phosphate makes it more hydrophilic

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4
Q

Prednisolone acetate has good/poor penetration in an uninflamed cornea

A

Good

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5
Q

When is prednisolone phosphate used?

A

Corneal disease

Want low dose steroids

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6
Q

What chemical is used as a preservative and helps in the penetration of some drugs?

A

Benzalkonium

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7
Q

How can a patient reduce systemic absorption of topical drugs?

A

By pinching their nose for 5 minutes

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8
Q

When are steroids used in eye disease?

A

Post-op cataracts
Uveitis
Prevent corneal graft rejection

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9
Q

Give some ophthalmic side effects of steroids

A

Cataract
Glaucoma
Exacerbation of viral infection

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10
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Progressive damage to CN II causing peripheral field loss

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11
Q

What is the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma?

A

Intra-ocular pressure

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12
Q

How do glaucoma drops work?

A

Stop ciliary body producing aqueous

Opening canal of Schlemm

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13
Q

Give examples of glaucoma medication

A

Latanoprost
Beta blockers
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Alpha agonists

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14
Q

When are intravitreal injections used?

A

Administrating antibiotics in endophthalmitis
Intra-ocular steroids
Anti-VEGF

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15
Q

How is macular degeneration treated?

A

Anti-VEGF

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16
Q

How does local anaesthetic in the eye work?

A

By blocking Na channels

17
Q

Give some uses of fluorescein

A

Corneal abrasion
Angiography
Nasolacrimal duct obstruction

18
Q

What test shows if aqueous humour is leaking?

A

Seidel’s test

19
Q

How do mydriatic drugs work?

A

Block parasympathetic supply to sphincter pupillae causing dilation

20
Q

Give examples of mydriatic drugs

A

Tropicamide

Cyclopentolate

21
Q

How do sympathomimetics work?

A

Act on sympathetic system to increase action of iris dilator

22
Q

Give examples of sympathomimetics

A

Phenylephrine

Atropine

23
Q

Which drug is most commonly used to dilate the pupil?

A

Tropicamide

24
Q

Which tuberculosis drug can cause irreversible optic neuropathy?

A

Ethambutol

25
Q

Which DMARD can cause maculopathy?

A

Hydroxychloroquine

Ophthalmology (14 decks)

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