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Ophthamology > Visual Loss and Blindness > Flashcards

Visual Loss and Blindness Flashcards

1
Q

What are causes of sudden visual loss?

A 
CRAO 
CRVO
Ischaemic
Retinal detachment 
Wet ARMD
Closed angle glaucoma
Optic neuritis
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2
Q

What is CRAO?

A

Central retinal artery occlusion
Like a stroke of the eye
Embolic cause

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3
Q

What are the causes of CRAO/

A

Carotid artery disease

Emboli from heart

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of CRAO?

A

Painless
Sudden visual loss
Profound visual loss

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5
Q

What constitutes as profound visual loss?

A

Counting fingers or less

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6
Q

What are the signs in CRAO?

A

Relevant afferent pupiliary defect
Pale retina
Oedematous retina
Thread like vessels

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7
Q

What is RAPD?

A

Pupil dilates on light source

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8
Q

How do you manage CRAO?

A

Ophthalmic massage to turn from CRAO to BRAO

Carotid doppler for source and risk factors

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of amaurosis fugax?

A

Transient visual loss
Painless
‘like curtain coming down’

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10
Q

What are the signs of amaurosis fugax?

A

Normal

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11
Q

How do you manage amaurosis fugax?

A

Refer to TIA clinic

Aspirin

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12
Q

What is CRVO?

A

Central retinal vein occlusion
Raised IOP causes STASIS
Virchow’s triad

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of CRVO?

A

Sudden visual loss
Moderate to sever visual loss 6/9 and PoL
Painless

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14
Q

What are the signs of CRVO?

A 
Dark retina
Retinal haemorrhage 
Dilated veins
Disc swelling
Macular swelling
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15
Q

How can you CRVO?

A

Treat underlying cause
Monitor for new vessels
Anti-VEGF injections
Laser therapy

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16
Q

What causes non arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy?

A

Athersclerosis

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17
Q

What are the symptoms and signs in non arteritic ischameic optic neuropathy?

A

Sudden profound visual loss

Swollen disc

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18
Q

What is the aetiology of giant cell arteritis?

A

Mid-large size arteries inflamed
Lumen occluded in posterior cilliary arteries
optic nerve head ischaemia
Visual loss

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19
Q

What do giant cells look like?

A

Multi nucleate cells

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of giant cell arteritis?

A 
Sudden Visual loss
Profound visual loss
Headache
Jaw claudication
painful scalp
Enlarged temporal arteries
Amaurosis fugax 
Malaise
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21
Q

What are the signs in giant cell arteritis?

A

Pale disc

Swollen disc

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22
Q

What investigations can be done in giant cell arteritis?

A

CRP
ESR
PV
Biopy or temporal arteries

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23
Q

Why may biopsy appear normal in giant cell arteritis?

A

Skip lesions

need a few samples

24
Q

What happens in retinal detachment?

A

Mechanical separation of retina from choroid

25
Q

What are the symptoms of retinal detachment?

A

Sudden visual loss
Flashes
Floaters

26
Q

What are the signs of retinal detachment?

A

RAPD

tear on ophthalmoscopy

27
Q

What is the management of retinal detachment?

A

Surgical reattachment

28
Q

What happens in vitreous haemorrhage?

A

Ischaemia
New vessels growth (weak)
New vessels tear
Causes haemorrage

29
Q

What are the symptoms of vitreous haemorrhage?

A

Sudden visual loss

Floaters

30
Q

What are the signs of vitreous haemorrhage?

A

Loss of red reflex

No RAPD

31
Q

How do you manage vitreous haemorrhage?

A

Vitrectomy

32
Q

What is the aetiology of wet ARMD?

A

New blood vessels grow under retina
Leakage of weak vessels
Fluid builds up under retina
Can cause scarring

33
Q

What are the symptoms of wet ARMD?

A

Sudden CENTRAL visual loss

Distortion (metamorphopsia)

34
Q

What are the signs of wet ARMD?

A

Heamorrhage

Exudate

35
Q

How do you treat wet ARMD?

A

anti-VEGF
Laser
photodynamic therapy

36
Q

What are the gradual causes of visual loss?

A

Cataract
Dry ARMD
Open angle glaucoma
Refractive errors

37
Q

What are the causes of cataracts?

A 
Age
Congenital
Trauma
Metabolic (diabetes)
Steroids
38
Q

What causes congenital cataracts in neonates?

A

Chlamydia infection intrauterine

39
Q

What types of cataracts are there?

A

Nuclear
Posterior sub capsular
Christmas tree (polychromatic)
Congenital

40
Q

What are the symptoms of cataracts?

A

Painless
Floaters
Gradual visual loss

41
Q

What is the management of cataracts?

A

Removal of intraocular lens

42
Q

What are the symptoms of dry ARMD?

A

Gradual visual loss

Central visual loss

43
Q

What are the signs of dry ARMD?

A

Drusen
Retinal pigment epithelial changes
Atrophy
Hyperplasia

44
Q

What is the management of dry ARMD?

A

Magnifiers

45
Q

What is the aetiology of open angle glaucoma?

A 
Small drainage angle
Increase aqueous
Increase IOP
Damage to retinal nerve fibres
Visual field contracts
46
Q

What are the symptoms of open angle glaucoma

A

None!

47
Q

What are the signs of open angle glaucoma?

A

increased IOP
cupping
visual field defect

48
Q

What is the treatment for open angle glaucoma?

A

Pressure reducing eye drops

Trabeculotomy

49
Q

What is hypermetropia

A

Long sightedness

50
Q

What make the eye hypermetropic

A

Eye too small

51
Q

What does hypermetropia increase your risk of?

A

Glaucoma

52
Q

What is Myopia?

A

Short sightedness

53
Q

What make the eye myopic?

A

Eye too big

54
Q

What is Astigmatism?

A

Irregular corneal curvature

55
Q

What is presbyopia

A

Loss of accommodation

56
Q

What makes the eye presbyopic?

A

Lens thickens with age

57
Q

What is the treatment for a refractive error?

A

Glasses

Ophthamology (9 decks)

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