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Ophthamology > Pharmacology of the Eye > Flashcards

Pharmacology of the Eye Flashcards

1
Q

When are topical steroids used?

A

Post cataract surgery
Uveitis/Iritis
Prevent graft rejection

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2
Q

What are the local side effects of steroid in the eye?

A

Cataracts
Exacerbation of viral infection
Glaucoma

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3
Q

What are the systemic effects of steroid use?

A 
Osteoporosis
Weight gain
Immunosuppresion
Moon face
Truncal obesity
Acne
Gastric ulceration
Hypertension
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4
Q

How can you make steroids more

a) Hydrophobic/lipophilic
b) Hydrophilic/lipophobic?

A

a) add acetate/alcohol

b) add phosphate

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5
Q

Why is benzalkonium added to topical treatments?

A

Preservative
Disrupts corneal lipid layer
Aids penetration

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6
Q

What drugs can be used in inflammation of the eye?

A

Steroids
NSAIDS
Anti-histamines
Mast call stabilisers

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7
Q

When are NSAIDS used?

A

Pain relief

Post refractive laser

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8
Q

When are anti-histamines used?

A

Hayfever

Allergic conjunctivitis

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9
Q

What are the routes of administration for drugs in the eye?

A 
Topical
Sub-conjunctival
Intracorneal
Sub-tenons
Intravitreal
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10
Q

What are the problems with topical drugs?

A

Lipid layer of tear film impedes penetration

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11
Q

How does inflammation affect endothelium?

A

Makes it less hydrophobic

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12
Q

What drugs are given intravitreal?

A

Anti VEGF
Antibiotics for endophtalmitis
Intraocular steroids

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13
Q

Why are intravitreal injections good?

A

effective concentration to target site

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14
Q

Why may intravitreal injections potentially disadvantageous?

A

Retinal toxicity

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15
Q

What colour drops would you use diagnostically?

A

Flouriscene, orange

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16
Q

What can flouriscene be used for?

A

Diagnosis corneal abrasion
Diagnosis nasolacrimal gland obstruction
Tonometry
Angiography

17
Q

Name 2 dilating drops

A

Tropicamide

Phenylephrine hydrochloride

18
Q

How does tropicamide cause dilatation?

A

blocks parasympathetic supply

19
Q

What are the local side effects of topicamide?

A

Blurred vision

Acute angle closure glaucoma

20
Q

How does phenylephrine hydrochloride cause dilatation?

A

Acts on sympathetic supply

21
Q

How do local anaesthetics work?

A

Block Na+ channels

Reduces nerve conduction

22
Q

When are local anaesthetics used?

A

Foreign body removal
Tonometry
Corneal scraping

23
Q

What is the route of administration in glaucoma medication?

A

Intravitreal

24
Q

What is the aim of glaucoma medication?

A

Lower intra-ocular pressure

25
Q

What medications are used in glaucoma?

A 
Prostanoids (lantaprost, ie xalantan)
Beta blockers
Carbonic anhydrase inhibiters (dorcolamide)
Alpha 2 agonists
Parasympathomemetics (pilocarpine)
26
Q

When are antivirals used in eye infections?

A

Dendritic ulcers

27
Q

What should NOT be used with a dendritic ulcer?

A

Do not use steroids

28
Q

Give an example of an antiviral used in eyes

A

Zovirax

29
Q

What is the action of Quinolones?

A

Inhibits DNA gyrase
Unwinds supercoils
Causes bacterial death

30
Q

Name a quinolone used in eyes

A

ofloxacin

31
Q

What is the actoin of penicillins?

A

Has B-lactam ring
Inhibits cell wall producing enzyme
Causes cell death

32
Q

What is the action of Chloramphenicol?

A

Inhibits peptidyl transferase

Stops proteins synthesis via ribosomes

33
Q

What is the route of administration for chloramphenicol?

A

topical

34
Q

How does chloramphenicol pass through the corneal layers? (Hydrophobic//Hydrophilic//Hydrophobic)

A

It is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

35
Q

When is chloramphenicol used?

A

Bacterocidal in Strep and Haemophilus

Bacterostatic in Staph

36
Q

What are the side effects of Chloramphenicol?

A

Allergy
Aplastic anaemia (irreversible, rare)
Grey Baby Syndrome

37
Q

What are the local side effects of

a) Vigabatrin
b) Steroids
c) Ethambutol
d) Chloroquine

A

a) constricts visual feilds
b) cataracts
c) optic neuropathy
d) maculopathy

Ophthamology (9 decks)

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