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Year 2 Ophthalmology > Visual Loss > Flashcards

Visual Loss Flashcards

1
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
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2
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
How well did you know this?
1
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5
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3
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
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3
4
5
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5
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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13
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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14
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
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3
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5
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15
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List some causes of sudden visual loss.

A 
Vascular aetiology e.g occlusion
Vitreous haemorrhage
Retinal Detachment
ARMD Wet
Closed Angle Glaucoma
How well did you know this?
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3
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5
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17
Q

What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?

A

Pale oedematous retina
Small thread like vessels
Cherry red mark on the macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?

A

Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?

A

Carotid Artery Disease

Emboli from the heart (unusual)

How well did you know this?
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3
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5
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20
Q

What is Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

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21
Q

How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss

“curtain going down”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

No abnormal findings

How well did you know this?
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5
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23
Q

What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Refer onto the stroke clinic

How well did you know this?
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5
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24
Q

What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Endothelial Damage - Diabetes
Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension
Hyper coagulability - Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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25
Q

How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Retinal haemorrhage
Dilated tortuous veins
Disc swelling
Macular swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?

A

There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?

A

Pale oedematous retina
Small thread like vessels
Cherry red mark on the macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?

A

Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?

A

Carotid Artery Disease

Emboli from the heart (unusual)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss

“curtain going down”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

No abnormal findings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Refer onto the stroke clinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Endothelial Damage - Diabetes
Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension
Hyper coagulability - Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Retinal haemorrhage
Dilated tortuous veins
Disc swelling
Macular swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?

A

There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy

A

Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded

-infarction of the head of the optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?

A

Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Swollen optic disc

Normal vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?

A

Pale oedematous retina
Small thread like vessels
Cherry red mark on the macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?

A

Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?

A

Carotid Artery Disease

Emboli from the heart (unusual)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss

“curtain going down”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

No abnormal findings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Refer onto the stroke clinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Endothelial Damage - Diabetes
Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension
Hyper coagulability - Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Retinal haemorrhage
Dilated tortuous veins
Disc swelling
Macular swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?

A

There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy

A

Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded

-infarction of the head of the optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?

A

Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Swollen optic disc

Normal vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?

A

Temporal Arteritis
Headache
Temporal Arteries distended
Tender scalp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?

A

Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.

A

Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Both increase production of VEGF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?

A

Pale oedematous retina
Small thread like vessels
Cherry red mark on the macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?

A

Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?

A

Carotid Artery Disease

Emboli from the heart (unusual)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss

“curtain going down”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

No abnormal findings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Refer onto the stroke clinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Endothelial Damage - Diabetes
Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension
Hyper coagulability - Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Retinal haemorrhage
Dilated tortuous veins
Disc swelling
Macular swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?

A

There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy

A

Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded

-infarction of the head of the optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?

A

Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Swollen optic disc

Normal vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?

A

Temporal Arteritis
Headache
Temporal Arteries distended
Tender scalp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?

A

Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.

A

Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Both increase production of VEGF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?

A

Pale oedematous retina
Small thread like vessels
Cherry red mark on the macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?

A

Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?

A

Carotid Artery Disease

Emboli from the heart (unusual)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss

“curtain going down”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

No abnormal findings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Refer onto the stroke clinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Endothelial Damage - Diabetes
Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension
Hyper coagulability - Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Retinal haemorrhage
Dilated tortuous veins
Disc swelling
Macular swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?

A

There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy

A

Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded

-infarction of the head of the optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?

A

Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Swollen optic disc

Normal vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?

A

Temporal Arteritis
Headache
Temporal Arteries distended
Tender scalp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?

A

Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.

A

Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Both increase production of VEGF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?

A

Pale oedematous retina
Small thread like vessels
Cherry red mark on the macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?

A

Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?

A

Carotid Artery Disease

Emboli from the heart (unusual)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

What is Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss

“curtain going down”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

No abnormal findings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Refer onto the stroke clinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Endothelial Damage - Diabetes
Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension
Hyper coagulability - Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Retinal haemorrhage
Dilated tortuous veins
Disc swelling
Macular swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?

A

There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy

A

Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded

-infarction of the head of the optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?

A

Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Swollen optic disc

Normal vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?

A

Temporal Arteritis
Headache
Temporal Arteries distended
Tender scalp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?

A

Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.

A

Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Both increase production of VEGF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?

A

As they are poorly formed and often leaky.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.

A

Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?

A

Loss of vision
Floaters
Loss of red reflex
Haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

How does someone with retinal detachment present?

A 
Painless loss of vision
Sudden onset of floaters and flashes
May have a RAPD
Curtain descending 
History of head injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?

A

As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?

A

Increased age
Smoking
+ve family history
Poor Nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?

A

Wet is fast

Dry is gradual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?

A

Rapid central vision loss
Distortion
Haemorrhage
Exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?

A

Pale oedematous retina
Small thread like vessels
Cherry red mark on the macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?

A

Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?

A

Carotid Artery Disease

Emboli from the heart (unusual)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

What is Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss

“curtain going down”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

No abnormal findings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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124
Q

What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Refer onto the stroke clinic

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
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5
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125
Q

What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Endothelial Damage - Diabetes
Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension
Hyper coagulability - Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Retinal haemorrhage
Dilated tortuous veins
Disc swelling
Macular swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?

A

There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy

A

Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded

-infarction of the head of the optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?

A

Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Swollen optic disc

Normal vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?

A

Temporal Arteritis
Headache
Temporal Arteries distended
Tender scalp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?

A

Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.

A

Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Both increase production of VEGF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?

A

As they are poorly formed and often leaky.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.

A

Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?

A

Loss of vision
Floaters
Loss of red reflex
Haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

How does someone with retinal detachment present?

A 
Painless loss of vision
Sudden onset of floaters and flashes
May have a RAPD
Curtain descending 
History of head injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?

A

As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?

A

Increased age
Smoking
+ve family history
Poor Nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?

A

Wet is fast

Dry is gradual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?

A

Rapid central vision loss
Distortion
Haemorrhage
Exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?

A

Pale oedematous retina
Small thread like vessels
Cherry red mark on the macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?

A

Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?

A

Carotid Artery Disease

Emboli from the heart (unusual)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

What is Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss

“curtain going down”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

No abnormal findings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Refer onto the stroke clinic

150
Q

What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Endothelial Damage - Diabetes
Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension
Hyper coagulability - Cancer

151
Q

How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.

152
Q

In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Retinal haemorrhage
Dilated tortuous veins
Disc swelling
Macular swelling

153
Q

How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?

A

There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.

154
Q

What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy

A

Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded

-infarction of the head of the optic nerve

155
Q

How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?

A

Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.

156
Q

In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Swollen optic disc

Normal vessels

157
Q

Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?

A

Temporal Arteritis
Headache
Temporal Arteries distended
Tender scalp

158
Q

How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?

A

Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.

159
Q

Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.

A

Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Both increase production of VEGF

160
Q

Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?

A

As they are poorly formed and often leaky.

161
Q

Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.

A

Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.

162
Q

How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?

A

Loss of vision
Floaters
Loss of red reflex
Haemorrhage

163
Q

How does someone with retinal detachment present?

A 
Painless loss of vision
Sudden onset of floaters and flashes
May have a RAPD
Curtain descending 
History of head injury
164
Q

Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?

A

As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.

165
Q

What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?

A

Increased age
Smoking
+ve family history
Poor Nutrition

166
Q

What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?

A

Wet is fast

Dry is gradual

167
Q

How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?

A

Rapid central vision loss
Distortion
Haemorrhage
Exudate

168
Q

What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?

A

Pale oedematous retina
Small thread like vessels
Cherry red mark on the macula

169
Q

How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?

A

Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision

170
Q

What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?

A

Carotid Artery Disease

Emboli from the heart (unusual)

171
Q

What is Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

172
Q

How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss

“curtain going down”

173
Q

What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

No abnormal findings

174
Q

What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Refer onto the stroke clinic

175
Q

What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Endothelial Damage - Diabetes
Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension
Hyper coagulability - Cancer

176
Q

How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.

177
Q

In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Retinal haemorrhage
Dilated tortuous veins
Disc swelling
Macular swelling

178
Q

How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?

A

There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.

179
Q

What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy

A

Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded

-infarction of the head of the optic nerve

180
Q

How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?

A

Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.

181
Q

In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Swollen optic disc

Normal vessels

182
Q

Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?

A

Temporal Arteritis
Headache
Temporal Arteries distended
Tender scalp

183
Q

How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?

A

Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.

184
Q

Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.

A

Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Both increase production of VEGF

185
Q

Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?

A

As they are poorly formed and often leaky.

186
Q

Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.

A

Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.

187
Q

How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?

A

Loss of vision
Floaters
Loss of red reflex
Haemorrhage

188
Q

How does someone with retinal detachment present?

A 
Painless loss of vision
Sudden onset of floaters and flashes
May have a RAPD
Curtain descending 
History of head injury
189
Q

Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?

A

As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.

190
Q

What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?

A

Increased age
Smoking
+ve family history
Poor Nutrition

191
Q

What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?

A

Wet is fast

Dry is gradual

192
Q

How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?

A

Rapid central vision loss
Distortion
Haemorrhage
Exudate

193
Q

What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?

A

Pale oedematous retina
Small thread like vessels
Cherry red mark on the macula

194
Q

How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?

A

Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision

195
Q

What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?

A

Carotid Artery Disease

Emboli from the heart (unusual)

196
Q

What is Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

197
Q

How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss

“curtain going down”

198
Q

What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

No abnormal findings

199
Q

What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Refer onto the stroke clinic

200
Q

What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Endothelial Damage - Diabetes
Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension
Hyper coagulability - Cancer

201
Q

How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.

202
Q

In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Retinal haemorrhage
Dilated tortuous veins
Disc swelling
Macular swelling

203
Q

How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?

A

There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.

204
Q

What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy

A

Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded

-infarction of the head of the optic nerve

205
Q

How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?

A

Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.

206
Q

In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Swollen optic disc

Normal vessels

207
Q

Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?

A

Temporal Arteritis
Headache
Temporal Arteries distended
Tender scalp

208
Q

How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?

A

Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.

209
Q

Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.

A

Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Both increase production of VEGF

210
Q

Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?

A

As they are poorly formed and often leaky.

211
Q

Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.

A

Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.

212
Q

How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?

A

Loss of vision
Floaters
Loss of red reflex
Haemorrhage

213
Q

How does someone with retinal detachment present?

A 
Painless loss of vision
Sudden onset of floaters and flashes
May have a RAPD
Curtain descending 
History of head injury
214
Q

Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?

A

As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.

215
Q

What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?

A

Increased age
Smoking
+ve family history
Poor Nutrition

216
Q

What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?

A

Wet is fast

Dry is gradual

217
Q

How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?

A

Rapid central vision loss
Distortion
Haemorrhage
Exudate

218
Q

What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?

A

Pale oedematous retina
Small thread like vessels
Cherry red mark on the macula

219
Q

How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?

A

Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision

220
Q

What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?

A

Carotid Artery Disease

Emboli from the heart (unusual)

221
Q

What is Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

222
Q

How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss

“curtain going down”

223
Q

What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

No abnormal findings

224
Q

What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Refer onto the stroke clinic

225
Q

What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Endothelial Damage - Diabetes
Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension
Hyper coagulability - Cancer

226
Q

How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.

227
Q

In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Retinal haemorrhage
Dilated tortuous veins
Disc swelling
Macular swelling

228
Q

How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?

A

There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.

229
Q

What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy

A

Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded

-infarction of the head of the optic nerve

230
Q

How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?

A

Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.

231
Q

In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Swollen optic disc

Normal vessels

232
Q

Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?

A

Temporal Arteritis
Headache
Temporal Arteries distended
Tender scalp

233
Q

How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?

A

Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.

234
Q

Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.

A

Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Both increase production of VEGF

235
Q

Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?

A

As they are poorly formed and often leaky.

236
Q

Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.

A

Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.

237
Q

How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?

A

Loss of vision
Floaters
Loss of red reflex
Haemorrhage

238
Q

How does someone with retinal detachment present?

A 
Painless loss of vision
Sudden onset of floaters and flashes
May have a RAPD
Curtain descending 
History of head injury
239
Q

Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?

A

As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.

240
Q

What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?

A

Increased age
Smoking
+ve family history
Poor Nutrition

241
Q

What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?

A

Wet is fast

Dry is gradual

242
Q

How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?

A

Rapid central vision loss
Distortion
Haemorrhage
Exudate

243
Q

What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?

A

Pale oedematous retina
Small thread like vessels
Cherry red mark on the macula

244
Q

How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?

A

Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision

245
Q

What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?

A

Carotid Artery Disease

Emboli from the heart (unusual)

246
Q

What is Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

247
Q

How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss

“curtain going down”

248
Q

What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

No abnormal findings

249
Q

What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Refer onto the stroke clinic

250
Q

What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Endothelial Damage - Diabetes
Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension
Hyper coagulability - Cancer

251
Q

How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.

252
Q

In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Retinal haemorrhage
Dilated tortuous veins
Disc swelling
Macular swelling

253
Q

How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?

A

There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.

254
Q

What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy

A

Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded

-infarction of the head of the optic nerve

255
Q

How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?

A

Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.

256
Q

In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Swollen optic disc

Normal vessels

257
Q

Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?

A

Temporal Arteritis
Headache
Temporal Arteries distended
Tender scalp

258
Q

How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?

A

Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.

259
Q

Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.

A

Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Both increase production of VEGF

260
Q

Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?

A

As they are poorly formed and often leaky.

261
Q

Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.

A

Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.

262
Q

How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?

A

Loss of vision
Floaters
Loss of red reflex
Haemorrhage

263
Q

How does someone with retinal detachment present?

A 
Painless loss of vision
Sudden onset of floaters and flashes
May have a RAPD
Curtain descending 
History of head injury
264
Q

Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?

A

As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.

265
Q

What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?

A

Increased age
Smoking
+ve family history
Poor Nutrition

266
Q

What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?

A

Wet is fast

Dry is gradual

267
Q

How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?

A

Rapid central vision loss
Distortion
Haemorrhage
Exudate

268
Q

What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?

A

Pale oedematous retina
Small thread like vessels
Cherry red mark on the macula

269
Q

How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?

A

Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision

270
Q

What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?

A

Carotid Artery Disease

Emboli from the heart (unusual)

271
Q

What is Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

272
Q

How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss

“curtain going down”

273
Q

What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

No abnormal findings

274
Q

What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Refer onto the stroke clinic

275
Q

What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Endothelial Damage - Diabetes
Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension
Hyper coagulability - Cancer

276
Q

How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.

277
Q

In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Retinal haemorrhage
Dilated tortuous veins
Disc swelling
Macular swelling

278
Q

How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?

A

There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.

279
Q

What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy

A

Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded

-infarction of the head of the optic nerve

280
Q

How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?

A

Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.

281
Q

In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Swollen optic disc

Normal vessels

282
Q

Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?

A

Temporal Arteritis
Headache
Temporal Arteries distended
Tender scalp

283
Q

How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?

A

Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.

284
Q

Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.

A

Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Both increase production of VEGF

285
Q

Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?

A

As they are poorly formed and often leaky.

286
Q

Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.

A

Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.

287
Q

How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?

A

Loss of vision
Floaters
Loss of red reflex
Haemorrhage

288
Q

How does someone with retinal detachment present?

A 
Painless loss of vision
Sudden onset of floaters and flashes
May have a RAPD
Curtain descending 
History of head injury
289
Q

Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?

A

As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.

290
Q

What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?

A

Increased age
Smoking
+ve family history
Poor Nutrition

291
Q

What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?

A

Wet is fast

Dry is gradual

292
Q

How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?

A

Rapid central vision loss
Distortion
Haemorrhage
Exudate

293
Q

What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?

A

Pale oedematous retina
Small thread like vessels
Cherry red mark on the macula

294
Q

How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?

A

Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision

295
Q

What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?

A

Carotid Artery Disease

Emboli from the heart (unusual)

296
Q

What is Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

297
Q

How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss

“curtain going down”

298
Q

What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

No abnormal findings

299
Q

What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Refer onto the stroke clinic

300
Q

What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Endothelial Damage - Diabetes
Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension
Hyper coagulability - Cancer

301
Q

How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.

302
Q

In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Retinal haemorrhage
Dilated tortuous veins
Disc swelling
Macular swelling

303
Q

How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?

A

There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.

304
Q

What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy

A

Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded

-infarction of the head of the optic nerve

305
Q

How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?

A

Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.

306
Q

In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Swollen optic disc

Normal vessels

307
Q

Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?

A

Temporal Arteritis
Headache
Temporal Arteries distended
Tender scalp

308
Q

How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?

A

Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.

309
Q

Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.

A

Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Both increase production of VEGF

310
Q

Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?

A

As they are poorly formed and often leaky.

311
Q

Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.

A

Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.

312
Q

How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?

A

Loss of vision
Floaters
Loss of red reflex
Haemorrhage

313
Q

How does someone with retinal detachment present?

A 
Painless loss of vision
Sudden onset of floaters and flashes
May have a RAPD
Curtain descending 
History of head injury
314
Q

Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?

A

As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.

315
Q

What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?

A

Increased age
Smoking
+ve family history
Poor Nutrition

316
Q

What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?

A

Wet is fast

Dry is gradual

317
Q

How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?

A

Rapid central vision loss
Distortion
Haemorrhage
Exudate

318
Q

What is the pathology behind wet macular degeneration?

A

New vessel growth below the macular
New vessels are prone to haemorrhage and leak
Leads to scarring of the macular.

319
Q

What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?

A

Pale oedematous retina
Small thread like vessels
Cherry red mark on the macula

320
Q

How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?

A

Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision

321
Q

What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?

A

Carotid Artery Disease

Emboli from the heart (unusual)

322
Q

What is Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

323
Q

How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss

“curtain going down”

324
Q

What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

No abnormal findings

325
Q

What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Refer onto the stroke clinic

326
Q

What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Endothelial Damage - Diabetes
Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension
Hyper coagulability - Cancer

327
Q

How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.

328
Q

In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Retinal haemorrhage
Dilated tortuous veins
Disc swelling
Macular swelling

329
Q

How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?

A

There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.

330
Q

What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy

A

Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded

-infarction of the head of the optic nerve

331
Q

How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?

A

Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.

332
Q

In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Swollen optic disc

Normal vessels

333
Q

Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?

A

Temporal Arteritis
Headache
Temporal Arteries distended
Tender scalp

334
Q

How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?

A

Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.

335
Q

Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.

A

Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Both increase production of VEGF

336
Q

Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?

A

As they are poorly formed and often leaky.

337
Q

Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.

A

Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.

338
Q

How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?

A

Loss of vision
Floaters
Loss of red reflex
Haemorrhage

339
Q

How does someone with retinal detachment present?

A 
Painless loss of vision
Sudden onset of floaters and flashes
May have a RAPD
Curtain descending 
History of head injury
340
Q

Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?

A

As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.

341
Q

What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?

A

Increased age
Smoking
+ve family history
Poor Nutrition

342
Q

What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?

A

Wet is fast

Dry is gradual

343
Q

How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?

A

Rapid central vision loss
Distortion
Haemorrhage
Exudate

344
Q

What is the pathology behind wet macular degeneration?

A

New vessel growth below the macular
New vessels are prone to haemorrhage and leak
Leads to scarring of the macular.

345
Q

What does a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion look like on Fundoscopy?

A

Pale oedematous retina
Small thread like vessels
Cherry red mark on the macula

346
Q

How does someone with a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion present?

A

Sudden painless unilateral loss of vision

347
Q

What are the causes of a Central Retinal Artery Occlusion?

A

Carotid Artery Disease

Emboli from the heart (unusual)

348
Q

What is Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

349
Q

How does someone present with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Transient <5 min painless unilateral vision loss

“curtain going down”

350
Q

What would be found on examination of someone with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

No abnormal findings

351
Q

What should be done with someone who presents with Amaurosis Fugax?

A

Refer onto the stroke clinic

352
Q

What are the three causes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Endothelial Damage - Diabetes
Abnormal Blood Flow - Hypertension
Hyper coagulability - Cancer

353
Q

How does someone present with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion?

A

Sudden painless unilateral vision loss.

354
Q

In Central Retinal Vein Occlusion what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Retinal haemorrhage
Dilated tortuous veins
Disc swelling
Macular swelling

355
Q

How can you differentiate between a Central Retinal Vein or Artery Occlusion?

A

There is no difference clinically the only way to do so is via fundoscopy.

356
Q

What happens in Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy

A

Posterior Ciliary Arteries become occluded

-infarction of the head of the optic nerve

357
Q

How does someone present with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy?

A

Sudden often painless unilateral vision loss.

358
Q

In someone with Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy what can be seen on fundoscopy?

A

Swollen optic disc

Normal vessels

359
Q

Ischaemic Optic Neuritis is associated with which condition, and if present how will they present clinically?

A

Temporal Arteritis
Headache
Temporal Arteries distended
Tender scalp

360
Q

How can Vitreous Haemorrhage be broken down?

A

Due to Abnormal or Normal Vessels.

361
Q

Give two causes of abnormal vein growth that increase the risk of Vitreous haemorrhage.

A

Retinal Ischaemia due to diabetes
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Both increase production of VEGF

362
Q

Why do these abnormal vessels increase the risk of vitreous haemorrhage?

A

As they are poorly formed and often leaky.

363
Q

Give a cause vitreous haemorrhage involving normal veins.

A

Normal veins bridging a retinal tear.

364
Q

How does someone with Vitreous Haemorrhage present?

A

Loss of vision
Floaters
Loss of red reflex
Haemorrhage

365
Q

How does someone with retinal detachment present?

A 
Painless loss of vision
Sudden onset of floaters and flashes
May have a RAPD
Curtain descending 
History of head injury
366
Q

Why does someone with retinal detachment present with flashing lights?

A

As the sensory retina is torn from the pigmented epithelium the pigment is released.

367
Q

What are some risk factors for developing Age Related Macular Degeneration?

A

Increased age
Smoking
+ve family history
Poor Nutrition

368
Q

What is the main difference between wet and dry macular degeneration ?

A

Wet is fast

Dry is gradual

369
Q

How does someone with Wet Macular Degeneration present?

A

Rapid central vision loss
Distortion
Haemorrhage
Exudate

370
Q

What is the pathology behind wet macular degeneration?

A

New vessel growth below the macular
New vessels are prone to haemorrhage and leak
Leads to scarring of the macular.

Year 2 Ophthalmology (10 decks)

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