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Year 2 Ophthalmology > CSF Aqueous and Vitreous fluid > Flashcards

CSF Aqueous and Vitreous fluid Flashcards

1
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

On the roof of the choroid plexus, by secretory epithelium

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2
Q

How much CSF is produced a day?

A

150 mls

Replaced between 3/4 times a day.

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3
Q

What are the main functions of the CSF?

A

Mechanical protection
Circulation
Homeostatic function

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4
Q

How does the CSF offer mechanical protection?

A

Brain is surrounded by and sits within the CSF.

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5
Q

What is the circulatory function of the CSF?

A

Is a minor exchange medium for water, amino acids, ions and removes metabolites.

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6
Q

What is the homeostatic function of CSF?

A

The pH of the CSF affects the pulmonary ventilation and the cerebral blood flow.
Also transports hormones

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7
Q

What us the make up of CSF?

A

Very little proteins and little to no immunoglobulins

Na+ Cl- HCO3- in higher concentration than the blood.

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8
Q

In what ventricles can a choroid plexus be found?

A

3rd
4th
Lateral

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9
Q

At three weeks what does the nervous system appear as?

A

A neural canal

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10
Q

What forms the ventricles of the brain?

A

The cavity within the neural canal.

The cavity is also the precursor for the central spinal chord canal.

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11
Q

How is the choroid plexus formed?

A

Developing arteries are invaginated into the roof of the ventricle. Form villi to increase surface area.

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12
Q

What is CSF secretion dependant on?

A

The active transport of Na+ from the basolateral membrane (blood) through the apical membrane (CSF) into the ventricle.

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13
Q

Why is important that the NA + is actively transported?

A

It creates the electrical gradient which Cl- follows.

Water also follows by osmosis.

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14
Q

How does CSF exit the ventricles and enter the subarachnoid space?

A

Leaves from the 4th ventricle via apertures.

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15
Q

What apertures within the 4th ventricle allow CSF to enter the subarachnoid space?

A

Single median aperture

Paired lateral aperture

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16
Q

How is CSF returned to the venous blood?

A

Leaves via the arachnoid granulations into the superior sagittal sinus.

17
Q

How is the Blood Brain Barrier able to prevent bacteria and toxins from entering the CSF?

A

Tightly bound epithelial cells have too small a junction.

18
Q

What three tumours affect the ventricles?

A

Colloid cyst
Ependymomas
Choroid plexus tumour

19
Q

What kind of haemorrhages can relating to the CSF?

A

Epidural - Arterial bleed between skull and the dura
Subdural - Venous between dura and arachnoid
Subarachnoid

20
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Accumulation of CSF within ventricles or around the brain
Increase in CSF pressure
Due to overproduction or drainage blockage.

21
Q

What is idiopathic intracranial hypertension?

A

Increased CSF pressure without the imaging related to hydrocephalus.

22
Q

What are the symptoms of someone with idiopathic intracranial hypertension?

A

Headache

Visual disturbance - papilloedema

23
Q

What is papilloedema?

A

Optic disc swelling due to in increased ICP

24
Q

What are the symptom of someone with papilloedema?

A

Enlarged blind spot
Blurred vision
Loss of vision

25
Q

Where is aqueous humour produced?

A

Within the ciliary body.

26
Q

Where is aqueous humour drained?

A

Removed by the scleral venous sinus via the canal of schlemm.

27
Q

Why is the HCO3- important in aqueous humour?

A

Acts as a buffer to the H+ produced by the cornea as a result of anaerobic glycolysis.

28
Q

What two epithelial cells make up the ciliary body ?

A

Non pigmented - lies of the Apical side

Pigmented -lies adjacent to the non pigmented but is the basolateral side.

29
Q

What does aqueous humour provide?

A

O2 HCO3- and metabolites

30
Q

Why is carbonic anhydrase important in the production of aqueous humour?

A

CA is the enzyme that produces H+ and HCO3-, these are required to help create the electrochemical gradient needed for the active transports on Na+ and the subsequent transport of Cl-.

31
Q

How does water enter the aqueous humour?

A

Follows the Na+ and Cl- via osmosis, aquaporins accommodate the movement through the membranes.

Year 2 Ophthalmology (10 decks)

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