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Year 2 Ophthalmology > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

An infection of the cornea is also know as?

A

Keratitis

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2
Q

What are the common pathogens in neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

S.Aureus
N.Gonorrhoeae
Chlamydia Trachomatis

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3
Q

What should be done with a case of neonatal bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

All should be referred onto ophthalmology

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4
Q

What are the common pathogen in bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

S.aureus
Strep Pneumonia
H.Influenza - Children

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5
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Swab + Topical Antibiotics

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6
Q

What is the most used antibiotic in bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Chloramphenical

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7
Q

What other antibiotics can be used in bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Gentamicin - Gram -ve and +ve

Fusidic Acid - Staph Aureus

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8
Q

What are the common pathogens in viral conjunctivitis?

A

Adenovirus
Herpes Simplex
Herpes Zoster

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9
Q

What is the clinical picture of someone with adenovirus conjunctivitis ?

A

Red irritated sclera, clear lense, no excess exudate

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10
Q

What is the clinical picture of someone with herpes simplex conjunctivitis?

A

White pustules around the orbit
Red sclera
No excess exudate

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11
Q

What is the clinical picture of someone with herpes zoster conjunctivitis ?

A

Punched out lesions in dermatomal pattern

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12
Q

What is the disease history in someone with chlamydia conjunctivitis?

A

Often chronic and unresponsive to treatment.

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13
Q

When should chlamydia conjunctivitis be suspected?

A

Bilateral conjunctivitis in a young adult

+/- urethritis or vaginitis

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14
Q

What is important to get the patient too do once a diagnosis of chlamydia has been given?

A

Contact tracing

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15
Q

What is the clinical picture of someone with chlamydia conjunctivitis?

A

Red irritated sclera
Excess exudate - gunk and tears
Follicles on the conjunctiva underside of the eyelid
Subtarsal scarring

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16
Q

What is the treatment for chlamydia conjunctivitis?

A

Topical oxytetracyline

Oral azithromycin for the genital infection

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17
Q

What method is used to diagnose and detect the disease causing pathogen in microbial keratitis?

A

Corneal scrapes

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18
Q

What is the clinical picture in someone with bacterial keratosis?

A

White blood cell rich exudate within the anterior chamber look for fluid level within the cornea.
Red irritated sclera
Excess exudate

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19
Q

What topical antibiotics can be used in bacterial keratosis?

A

Gentamicin + Cefuroxime

Gram +ve and -ve

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20
Q

What should be done for someone with bacterial keratosis?

A

Admission for hourly drops and daily review

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21
Q

What is bacterial keratosis linked to?

A

Contact lenses

22
Q

What is the clinical picture in someone with a herpes keratosis?

A

Very painful - look for ulceration
Irritated sclera
Lack of exudate

23
Q

What is the treatment plan for herpes keratosis?

A

Topical antiviral - acyclovir

NEVER use steroids as cause corneal perforation.

24
Q

Chronic herpes keratosis can cause what within the eye?

A

Loss of corneal sensation- won’t detect or respond t to damage being done to the eye.

25
Q

What is the clinical picture of someone with adenovirus keratosis?

A

Bilateral conjunctivitis
Sub epithelial infiltrates within the anterior compartment.
Red irritated sclera

26
Q

What usually precedes adenovirus keratosis?

A

An URTI

27
Q

What is the added risk of adenovirus keratosis?

A

It is infectious

28
Q

What is the treatment for someone with adenovirus keratosis?

A

Topical antiviral
Topical antibiotic to prevent secondary infection
Chronic infections - steroids can speed the healing

29
Q

What are the common organisms that cause fungal keratosis?

A

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Acanthamoeba

30
Q

What is the disease profile of someone with fungal keratosis?

A

Slow progression but also slow to heal

Linked to trauma from vegetation.

31
Q

What is the clinical picture of someone with orbital cellulitis?

A

Excruciating pain on movement of the eye
Proptosis - out bulging go the eye and eyelid
Fever
Systemically unwell

32
Q

What is an orbital cellulitis linked to?

A

Paranasal sinusitis
Post operative
Focal Orbital infection

33
Q

What should be undertaken immediately once orbital cellulitis is suspected?

A

CT scan to determine whether the optic nerve, artery and vein have been occluded.

34
Q

What is the treatment for someone with orbital cellulitis?

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics + Monitor

Severe cases where sight is threatened drainage as a surgical intervention is an emergency.

35
Q

How is the causative organism identified in endophthalmitis?

A

Aqueous or vitreous culture.

36
Q

What is the clinical picture in someone with endophthalmitis?

A 
Very painful
Decreasing vision
Really irritated and red sclera
Massive exudate
Yellow misty cornea
37
Q

What are the main causative organisms in endophthalmitis?

A

Staph epidermis

Conjunctival commensals

38
Q

What is the treatment for someone with endophthalmitis?

A

Intravitreal Amikacin / Ceftazidime / vancomycin

Topical antibiotics

39
Q

What is chorioretinitis?

A

Inflammation of the choroid and the retina

40
Q

If a patient with AIDS presents with chorioretinitis what is the most likely cause?

A

CMV - Cytomegalovirus

41
Q

On fundoscopy what does a CMV infection look like?

A

Fluffy white perivascular lesions
Haemorrhage
Granular retinal necrosis

42
Q

What is toxoplasma gondii associated with in chorioretinitis?

A

Raw meat and cats

43
Q

What is the clinical picture in someone with toxoplasma gondii chorioretintis?

A

Mild flu
White focal retinitis +Vitreous inflammation
Chronic - cysts

44
Q

What is toxocara Canis?

A

Roundworm

45
Q

What us toxocara Canis linked to?

A

Dogs and cats

46
Q

Why do toxocara Canis present a risk despite being self limiting?

A

They form granulomas

47
Q

How does chloramphenicol work?

A

Inhibits peptidyl transferase - stops protein synthesis

48
Q

Chloramphenicol is bactericidal to which organisms?

A

Streptococci

Haemophilus

49
Q

Chloramphenicol is bacterostatic to which organisms?

A

Staphylococci

50
Q

What antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Both have a Beta lactic ring

51
Q

What antibiotics inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Quinilones e.g. Ofloxacin

Inhibit DNA gyrase so DNA unravels

Year 2 Ophthalmology (10 decks)

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