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Year 2 Ophthalmology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What two layers make up the fibrous outer layer?

A

Sclera

Cornea

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2
Q

What attaches to the sclera?

A

Muscles

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3
Q

How much of the refractive power of the eye comes from the cornea?

A

Around 2/3rds

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4
Q

What makes up the Uvea?

A

Iris
Ciliary Body
Choroid

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5
Q

What is the function of the ciliary body?

A

Controls the size of the iris and the shape of the lens.

Secrets Aqueous humour

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6
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A

A highly vascularised area which supplies the avascular areas of the eye with nutrients and is the place where gas exchange takes place.

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7
Q

What is the retina?

A

The photosensitive innermost layer of the eye.

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8
Q

What can the eye be divided up into?

A

The Anterior and Posterior segments

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9
Q

Where is the anterior segment of the eye to be found?

A

Lies superior to the lens.

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10
Q

What can the anterior segment of the eye be further broken down into?

A

Anterior chamber- between cornea and iris

Posterior Chamber - Between iris and suspensory ligaments.

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11
Q

What is the main differentiation between the anterior and posterior segments?

A

The anterior contains Aqueous humour

The posterior contains Vitreous humour

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12
Q

Where is the posterior segment to be found?

A

Behind the lens

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13
Q

Floaters seen within the vision are made up of what?

A

Bodies of vitreous humour

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14
Q

Where is aqueous humour produced?

A

Within the ciliary bodies

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15
Q

How does the aqueous humour enter the anterior segment of the eye?

A

Passes through the posterior chamber and though the iris it is drained away at the edge of iris.

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16
Q

What artery supplies the eye?

A

Ophthalmic

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17
Q

The ophthalmic artery is a branch of which artery?

A

Internal carotid artery.

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18
Q

How do the central artery and vein supply the retina?

A

They are inserted inside the optic nerve and travel intrinsically.

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19
Q

What are the main two veins for they eye and where do they drain into?

A

Superior and Inferior ophthalmic vein

Drain into the cavernous sinus

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20
Q

What cranial nerve in CN II

A

Optic

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21
Q

What are the three main regions of a fundus within the eye?

A

Optic disc
Macula
Fovea

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22
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

Formed of the optic nerve entry

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23
Q

Why is the optic nerve a blind spot within our vision?

A

There are no photoreceptor cells within the optic disc

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24
Q

What is the macula?

A

Area with the greatest density of cones.

Appears as a darker region

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25
Q

What is the fovea?

A

Area of most acute vision

Seen as a depression at the centre of the macula.

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26
Q

The retina could be divided into what three layers, give them from most inferior to anterior.

A

Photoreceptor cells
Ganglion cells
Axons of the ganglion cells

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27
Q

In order for the inferior oblique or the superior oblique muscles to operate what must first happen to the eye?

A

It must be Adducted by the medial rectus

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28
Q

In order for the Superior and Inferior rectus to operate what must first happen to the eye?

A

It must be abducted by the lateral rectus.

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29
Q

Which two muscles cause elevation though they aren’t active at the same time.

A

Superior rectus

Inferior oblique

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30
Q

Which two muscles cause depression though they aren’t active at the same time.

A

Inferior rectus

Superior oblique

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31
Q

All of the muscles of the eye attach on the anterior apart from which two muscle

A

Inferior and superior oblique

Attach on the posterior aspect

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32
Q

What is special about the inferior and superior oblique muscles?

A

They have a trochlear attachment which serves as a pully.

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33
Q

What is the motor innervation of the superior rectus?

A

CN III Oculomotor

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34
Q

What is the motor innervation of the lateral rectus?

A

CN VI Abducens

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35
Q

What is cranial nerve CN III?

A

Oculomotor

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36
Q

What is cranial nerve CN VI

A

Abducens

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37
Q

What nerve innervates the superior oblique?

A

CN IV Trochlear

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38
Q

What is cranial nerve CN IV?

A

Trochlear

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39
Q

What is the easy what to remember what cranial nerves innervate what eye muscles?

A

LR6 SO4 O3
Lateral Rectus CN VI
Superior Oblique CN IV
Other muscles CN III

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40
Q

What nerve innervates the Medial Rectus?

A

CN III Oculomotor

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41
Q

What nerve innervates the Inferior Rectus?

A

CN III Oculomotor

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42
Q

What nerve innervates the Inferior Oblique?

A

CN III Oculomotor

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43
Q

In terms of sensory innervation what does CN V1 do?

A

Upper eyelid
Cornea
Conjunctive

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44
Q

In terms of sensory innervation what does CN V2 do?

A

Lower eyelid

Maxilla

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45
Q

In terms of sensory innervation what does CN V3 do?

A

Mandible to TMJ

EXCEPT the angle of the mandible.

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46
Q

In terms of modality what is the corneal reflex?

A

Somatic

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47
Q

What nerve carries afferent AP from the cornea to the pons? Corneal Reflex

A

CN V1 - Ophthalmic

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48
Q

What nerve carries efferent motor AP from the pons to the eyelid? Corneal reflex

A

CN VII Facial

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49
Q

What is cranial nerve CN VII

A

Facial

50
Q

What muscles is in charge of closing the eye in the corneal reflex?

A

Orbicularis Oculi

51
Q

What muscle is in charge of opening the eye in the corneal reflex?

A

Levator Palpebrae Superiolis

52
Q

What s the corneal reflex?

A

Blinking when cornea is irritated of threatened

53
Q

What nerve is in control of the levator Palpebrae superiolis?

A

CN III Oculomotor

54
Q

What is mullers muscle?

A

Adjoined to the Levator palpebrae superiolis it is involved with the opening of the eyelid.

55
Q

What is the innervation for mullers muscles?

A

Sympathetic

56
Q

What kind of reflex is pupillary constriction?

A

Autonomic

57
Q

Under parasympathetic control the pupils do what and under what circumstances?

A

Constrict

Under bright light and during rest and digest

58
Q

What is non physiologically constricted pupil called?

A

Miotic

59
Q

A miotic pupil along with a drooping eyelid and a raised eyebrow, indicating a facial palsy, is indicative of what condition?

A

Horners syndrome

60
Q

What is drooping eyelid called?

A

Ptosis

61
Q

A fixed pinpoint pupil could indicate what?

A

Use of opiate drugs

62
Q

A fixed dialled pupil could indicate what?

A

CN III pathology

63
Q

What muscles encircle the pupil and cause constriction of the pupil?

A

Sphincter pupillae

64
Q

Under sympathetic control the pupils do what and under what circumstances?

A

Dilation of the pupil

Darkness and during fight or flight

65
Q

What is a non physiologically dilated pupil called?

A

Mydriatic pupil

66
Q

What muscles radiate out from the pupil and cause dilation of the pupil?

A

Dilator Pupillae

67
Q

What cranial nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to the sphincter pupillae?

A

CN III Oculomotor

68
Q

What is physiologically normal in the pupillary light reflex?

A

Constriction upon exposure to light.

69
Q

What reflex occurs in the stimulated eye?

A

Direct reflex

70
Q

What reflex occurs in the non stimulated eye?

A

Consensual reflex

71
Q

What connects the lens to the ciliary body?

A

Suspensory ligaments - Zonules

72
Q

What other function apart from vascular does the ciliary body have?

A

Contains a ring of smooth muscle and acts like a sphincter.

73
Q

Describe what happens to the Lens Suspensory Ligaments and the Ciliary Body when you want to focus on an object far away.

A

Lens - Pulled Flat
Suspensory Ligaments - Pulled tight
Ciliary Body - Dilates

74
Q

Describe what happens to the Lens Suspensory Ligaments and the Ciliary Body when you want to focus on near by object.

A

Lens - Rounded
Suspensory Ligaments - Relaxed
Ciliary Body - Constricts

75
Q

What is the only innervation on the ciliary body?

A

Parasympathetic - causes constriction of the ciliary body

76
Q

What are the three types of lacrimation?

A

Basal
Reflex
Emotional

77
Q

What is basal lacrimation?

A

Constantly produced
Lubricates hydrates and cleans
Lysosomes within act as antibacterials

78
Q

What is reflex lacrimation?

A

Extra tears produced in response to mechanical or chemical stimuli

79
Q

What nerves are involved with the reflex lacrimation?

A

Affert CN V1

Efferent CN VII

80
Q

What gland is involved with lacrimation and what nerve innervates it?

A

Lacrimal gland

CN VII

81
Q

What is cranial nerve CN VII

A

Facial

82
Q

Should you see sclera above the iris?

A

No

83
Q

If the eyes appear to be bulging as sclera can be seen superiorly to the iris what condition could this indicate?

A

Graves - Hyperthyroidism

84
Q

What is Bells palsy?

A

Palsy of CN VII

Cant close the eye - CNVII is nerve for orbicularis oculi

85
Q

Why when focusing on a near object does the lens become spherical?

A

Increases the refractory power of the lens

86
Q

Why when focusing on a near object does the pupil constrict?

A

Focuses the light not the most refractory section of the lens

87
Q

Within the brainstem what is the first region the afferent AP from CN II reach?

A

The left or right Pre Tectal Nucleus

88
Q

From the left or right pre tectal nuclei where does the AP head to next.

A

From either the L/R PTN the AP passes to both the L/R Edinger Westphal Nucleus.

89
Q

Why is it important that the ipsilateral stimuli is passed bilaterally to the Edinger Westphal Nuclei?

A

Both eyes have to react in synchrony, direct and consensual response to each stimuli.

90
Q

What nerve takes the efferent AP from the Edinger Westphal Nuclei?

A

CN III Oculomotor

91
Q

What is the direct reflex test?

A

Shine light in the L/R eye and look at the same eye.

92
Q

What is the consensual reflex test?

A

Shine light in the L/R eye and look at the opposite eye.

93
Q

Where is light from the right visual field picked up?

A

Left side of the retina

94
Q

Where is light from the left visual field picked up?

A

Right side of the retina

95
Q

Where is light from the upper visual fields picked up?

A

Lower retina

96
Q

Where is light from the lower visual fields picked up?

A

Upper retina

97
Q

Describe the pathway from the optic nerve that the action potential will take.

A 
Optic nerve
Optic chiasma
Optic tract
Lateral Geniculate Body
Optic radiations 
Visual cortex
  -Pre Tectal Nucleus
  -Edinger Westphal Nucleus
98
Q

Light from the upper visual fields passes through which lobe and on which optic radiation?

A

Lower optic radiation

Temporal lobe

99
Q

Light from the lower visual fields passes through which lobe and on which optic radiation?

A

Upper optic radiation

Parietal lobe

100
Q

Why do the upper and lower optic radiations diverge?

A

Upper has to get around the ventricle in the brain.

101
Q

What neurotransmitter is used by the photoreceptor cells?

A

Glutimate

102
Q

What type of lateral connections take place within the retina?

A

Horizontal cells

Amacrine cells

103
Q

What is the function of horizontal cells within the retina?

A

Receive input from photoreceptor cells, transmits signal to other photoreceptor cells and bipolar cells.

104
Q

What is the function of amacrine cells within the retina?

A

Receive input from bipolar cells, projects the stimuli to other bipolar cells and amacrine cells.

105
Q

What do photoreceptor cells do in the absence of light?

A

They continually release glutamate.

106
Q

What is the resting membrane potential or a photoreceptor?

A

-20Vm

107
Q

What is it within the photoreceptors that maintains the low resting membrane potential?

A

A cGMP-gated Na+ channel

108
Q

What pump lies at the synaptic end of the photoreceptor and why is it important?

A

Na+/K+ channel

Maintains a concentration gradient towards the synaptic end.

109
Q

Light causes the closure of the cGMP-gated ion channel how is this done?

A

Rhodopsin is converted into all-trans-retinal
all-trans-retinal activates a G-Protein
G- protein activates a phosphodiesterase
PDE hydrolyzes cGMP decreasing the concentration.
Leads to the closure of c-GMP Na+ channels

110
Q

What is the light sensitive protein which is converted into its active form?

A

Rhodopsin

111
Q

What is the active form of the light sensitive protein?

A

All-tans-retinal

112
Q

What dictates visual acuity?

A

The density and the spacing of the photoreceptors.

113
Q

What is visual acuity?

A

Ability to distinguish between two objects

Visual clarity

114
Q

How are cones distributed throughout the retina?

A

Highly concentrated within the fovea

115
Q

What are cones best at?

A

Seeing in normal daylight

116
Q

Why are cones more successful during daylight?

A

They have a low convergence, only a few cones relay to a single ganglion. Makes them far more sensitive.

117
Q

How are rods distributed throughout the retina?

A

More evenly distributed throughout.

118
Q

Why are rods better at seeing in dim light?

A

They have a higher convergence, so many photoreceptors relay to one ganglion.
As a result many small stimuli cumulatively are enough to trigger an AP.

119
Q

How are colours picked out?

A

A colour is produced by a different length wavelength.

Different photoreceptors are more sensitive to varying wavelengths.

120
Q

What types of cones are found within the retina?

A

Short wave lengthj
Medium wave length
Long wave length

Year 2 Ophthalmology (10 decks)

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