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Year 2 Ophthalmology > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is cataracts?

A

Opacification of the lens

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2
Q

What is the general pathology behind cataracts?

A

Epithelium of the lens matures
Cell contents alter
Cell de-nucleates
Cell becomes fibrous and more opaque

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3
Q

What external factor is most most linked with developing cataracts?

A

UVB exposure

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4
Q

List some external factors which increase the risk of cataracts.

A 
Hypertension
Smoking
Post operative
Trauma
Metabolic disorders
Genes
Infection
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5
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Abnormal increase intra orbital pressure.

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6
Q

Where does the fluid within the eye generally drain out of?

A

Within anterior chamber through the trabecular.

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7
Q

Where does blockage occur to inhibit fluid drainage?

A

Generally within the trabecular or in the canal of schlemm.

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8
Q

What happens in Primary Opened Angled Glaucoma?

A

Blockage of the drainage

Normal fluid production

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9
Q

What happens in Angle Closure Glaucoma?

A

Normal fluid production
Normal drainage
Blockage elsewhere within the system.

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10
Q

In Angle Closure Glaucoma where does the blockage occur?

A

Lens shifts and blocks the iris preventing fluid entering the anterior chamber.

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11
Q

How does someone with an open angled glaucoma present?

A

Slow onset and often asymptomatic

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12
Q

What is the treatment for a primary opened angled glaucoma?

A

Pharmacologically aimed at widening the drainage trabecular.

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13
Q

How does someone present with an angled closure glaucoma?

A 
Medical emergency - vision loss isn't uncommon
Acute red eye
Visual loss
Severe pain
Headache
N+V
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14
Q

In a glaucoma what should you look for with a fundoscopy?

A

Cupping of the optic nerve
Depression in the centre and rolled edges
Looks widened

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15
Q

What is papilloedema?

A

Non specific symptom of a raised ICP

Swelling of the optic disc

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16
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

Inflammation of the conjunctiva

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17
Q

How does someone with conjunctivitis present?

A

Eye and orbit looks swollen inflamed
Excess discharge and gunk
Red eye

18
Q

What is the aetiology of conjunctivitis?

A

Usually viral
Occasionally bacterial
If bilateral its generally allergic

19
Q

How does someone with scleritis present?

A

Pain on movement of they eye

Inflamed sclera

20
Q

What autoimmune conditions should be associated with scleritis?

A

SLE

BLA B27 “ankylosing spondylitis

21
Q

What is BLA 27 associated with?

A

Ankylosing spondylitis

22
Q

What is the aetiology behind Episcleritis?

A

Generally no known cause

23
Q

What are the differences between Episcleritis and Scleritis?

A

Scleritis - Rarer and more severe

Episcleritis -Superficial and self limiting

24
Q

What types of macular degeneration are there?

A

Age Related
Dry
Wet

25
Q

What is seen on fundoscopy for someone with age related macular degeneration?

A

Accumulation of lipids, proteins and inflammatory mediators.

26
Q

What is the name given to the accumulation of lipids proteins and inflammatory mediators?

A

Drusen

27
Q

What alongside age is related to Age Related Macular Degeneration?

A

Underlying inflammatory process

28
Q

What is the difference between wet and dry macular degeneration?

A

In wet there is vascular proliferation

29
Q

What regulates the vascular proliferation in wet macular degeneration?

A

VEGF

Vascular Epidermal Growth Factor

30
Q

Why does the vascular proliferation lead to increased intra retinal haemorrhages?

A

The new vessel are leaky with poorly formed vessel walls.

31
Q

What is the treatment for someone with wet macular degeneration?

A

Monoclonal antibodies for VEGF

32
Q

Why does hyperglycaemia cause visual disturbances?

A

Alters the osmotic pressure within the anterior chamber.

33
Q

What visual conditions are all linked to diabetes?

A

Peripheral neuropathy Argyll Roberson Pupil
Cataracts
Diabetic retinopathy
Rubertic glaucome

34
Q

How does does diabetes increase the risk of cataracts?

A

Increased sugar content within the cells and the conversion of glucose in to sorbitol.

35
Q

What does retinopathy look like in fundoscopy?

A

Haemorrhage
New leaky vessels
Small aneurysms
Oedema

36
Q

What is rubertic glaucoma?

A

New vessels formation obstructing the trabecular

37
Q

What does Central Retinal Artery Occulsion look like on fundoscopy?

A

Pale washed out retina

Cherry red spot within the optic disc

38
Q

What does Central Retinal Vein Occlusion look like on fundoscopy?

A

Bulging vessels
Cloudy
Haemorrhage

39
Q

What is Commotio Retinae?

A

Bruised retinae
Self resolving
Can cause visual disturbances if big enough

40
Q

What is Hyphema ?

A

Blood within the anterior chamber look for fluid level

41
Q

What does retinal detachment look like on fundoscopy?

A

Crumpled appearance in the veins and throughout the retina.

Year 2 Ophthalmology (10 decks)

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