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Perception 351 > Visual Attention > Flashcards

Visual Attention Flashcards

1
Q

purpose of attention

A

allows us to filter incoming information and hold onto information briefly (ex. across eye blinks)

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2
Q

attention is ______

A

limited

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3
Q

attention definition

A

large set of cognitive processes that restrict inputs to a subset of information

functions across many senses, not just vision

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4
Q

selective attention

A

when you restrict attention to a subset of possible stimuli amongst a larger assortment

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5
Q

divided attention

A

when you split attention across multiple stimuli at the same time

ex) taking notes while listening to the lecture

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6
Q

sustained attention

A

continuously monitoring some stimulus over time; “vigilance”

ex) staring at a screen for 30 minutes to see how many times a dot changes color

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7
Q

overt attention

A

when you direct your eyes toward a stimulus

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8
Q

covert attention

A

when you attend to something without fixating on it

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9
Q

response time (RT)

A

time it takes a person to respond to a stimulus or change

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10
Q

cues

A

stimuli that indicate what to attend to, which can be valid, invalid or neutral

valid - true cue/statement

invalid - false cue/statement

neutral - no cue/statement is given

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11
Q

Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA)

A

time between onset of stimuli (usually in realm of milliseconds)

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12
Q

what 4 things does eye tracking measure

A

fixations
saccades
- movement between one fixation and another
duration of viewing
orderliness of viewing behavior

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13
Q

peripheral cues

A

cue is in the periphery at the site of the target

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14
Q

symbolic cue

A

cue signifies location without using that space

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15
Q

valid cues ______ responses, while invalid _____ them

A

speed; slow

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16
Q

peripheral cues _____ RT even at very short SOA, symbolic ____ _______

A

benefit; take longer

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17
Q

inhibition of return

A

if attention is cued to a location but then leaves that location (due to time passing), often even slower to return to it than if there had never been a cue

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18
Q

data suggest covert attention is _____

A

spatial

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19
Q

spotlight model

A

attention is restricted to space and must move from one point to the next, requiring time

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20
Q

zoom lens model

A

asserts that region of attention can shrink/grow

up to you to decide which to use due to situation

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21
Q

3 things manipulated in visual search in lab

A

set size/# of items
distractor similarity
target complexity and salience/vividness

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22
Q

when searching for a ________ of features, set size matters more

A

conjunction

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23
Q

serial, self-terminating search

A

very long trials with no target to make sure you are paying attention

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24
Q

2 attentional types/definitions in feature integration thepry

A

pre-attentive
- individual features are processed automatically, in parallel, and with little effort - the pop-out effect

selective attention
- objects (conjunction of features) are processed slowly, serially and require effortful attention

25
Q

binding problem

A

need to bind/unbind features to complete target search

often processed by different brain regions/cells

26
Q

guided search

A

often our everyday visual search uses what we know to limit the scope of your search

27
Q

hemi-neglect

A

parietal brain damage results in spatial attentional neglect

always contralateral side (right side of the brain damaged = left side of vision affected)

not a loss of vision, but a loss of attention to information in that field

28
Q

attention manifests…

A

across the brain!

29
Q

attention serves to filter and select targeted information, so our brain has mechanisms to…

A

enhance relevant information and inhibit unwanted stimuli

30
Q

attention can modify how … respond to stimuli, like FFA for faces and PPA for scenes

A

regions in the brain

31
Q

attention enhances or inhibits a region depending on ____ ____

A

task goal

32
Q

3 ways attention can impact orientation selectivity

A

enhancement (decrease selectivity = more orientations)
sharper tuning (increase selectivity = less orientations)
altered tuning (shift selectivity to one direction or another)

33
Q

The Posner Cuing Paradigm is usually a test of _____ and _____ attention.

a. overt, selective
b. overt, sustained
c. covert, selective
d. covert, sustained

A

c

34
Q

Which of the following is a demonstration of the binding problem?

a. a hemineglect patient ignoring the left side of space even though they are sensing it
b. a participant using covert attention to focus on something they could just move their eyes to
c. an object popping out in visual search despite there being many distractors
d. a person falsely remembering a blue circle from an array that only had red circles, but had other blue objects

A

d

35
Q

with the idea that attention can be object-based, people are much faster in finding the target when …

A

the cue was part of the same rectangle (object) even if the spatial distance was greater

36
Q

in hemineglect, neglect travels with …

A

object

37
Q

key symptom of balint’s syndrome

A

simultanagnosia

38
Q

simultanagnosia

A

only one object can be attended to at one time no matter what

if shown red and green circles, report only one or the other. But if these circles are connected with a line patients can report both

39
Q

benefits of object-based attention

A

object tracking
- as objects move through space, may not be able to overtly attend to all of them, but can potentially track them via object-based attention

40
Q

a valid cue is given on trial of the Posner Cuing Paradigm. However, the cue actually slows the participant’s response relative to no cue at all. Which of the following would produce this result?

a. trial was a symbolic cue
b. trial was a peripheral
c. trial’s SOA was long enough to cause inhibition of return
d. trial’s SOA was so fast the participant couldn’t attend to it

A

c

41
Q

bottleneck

A

more information is available than can pass through attention

can result in attentional blink or change blindness

42
Q

Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) task

A

show stimuli for under 10 ms, all you have to do is report if you saw a particular one

task gets harder if you are looking for 2 pieces of information

43
Q

attentional blink

A

if 2nd item appears within 200-500 ms after 1st item, it may be missed

44
Q

why does attentional blink happen

A

part of the role of attention is to maintain information over time

you only have so many attentional resources (only so much you can process at once) to apply to a given task or stimulus

45
Q

two pathways to scene perception (object based)

A

non-selective pathway
- picks up gist and overall broad scene features, relatively automatic

selective pathway
- allows you to pick out particular objects in a scene, usually serially and only one or two at a time
- more effortful attention/serial processing

ex) shown an image of cluttered kitchen
non - pick up cues quickly that tell us it is a kitchen
selective - need to focus attention to find particular items though

46
Q

ensemble statistics

A

along with non-selective pathway

the average of properties across the scene like overall color, types of objects, etc.

47
Q

gist based memory

A

part of non-selective pathway

quite accurate

48
Q

change blindness

A

fail to notice a change between scenes because the overall gist is the same

not necessarily attending to or encoding specific details

49
Q

inattentional blindness

A

type of change blindness

where you fully miss a new item because it is not expected

monkey business study is an example as well as gorilla in CT scans

50
Q

some attentional resources are _______, or shared across senses

A

global

51
Q

dual task inference generally worse if tasks share a domain, suggesting some ________ resources

A

specific

52
Q

dual task

A

things like making a response likely resource general

ex)
- if your brain is already engaging in response, it will take until you’re done with first response to engage another response

aka psychological refractory period

53
Q

ADHD

A

most common disorder of attention

doesn’t have a strong impact on things like visual search or RSVP

evidence there may be particular difficulty inhibiting off-task distraction, which these tasks don’t necessarily test

54
Q

A patient with hemineglect for the left side of space is shown a diamond (left) connected to a star (right) with a line. The object is then rotated 180 degrees. What will the patient perceive before (1st) and after (2nd) the object is rotated?
a) 1st: Diamond, 2nd: Star
b) 1st: Diamond, 2nd: Diamond
c) 1st: Star, 2nd: Diamond
d) 1st: Star, 2nd: Star

A

d

55
Q

A patient with Balint’s Syndrome is shown the below objects to their left visual field (a pacman with three blue dots to its left). They note they can only see 1 object, a small blue circle near closest to the center of their visual field. How could you adjust this image to help the patient see all of the objects?
a) Shift the objects to their right visual field
b) Rotate the objects 180 degrees
c) Draw a line through the objects connecting them
d) There is no way a for them to perceive all of the objects at the same time

A

c

56
Q

Paula is a participant in a divided attention study. Her primary task is to detect the presence of a red T in a RSVP paradigm that flashes colored letters. There are two dual task conditions:

Condition 1 – Audio also plays and she must detect when the audio says the letter Q.
Condition 2 – She must also monitor for when the screen slightly darkens

What is the most likely outcome from this experiment?
a) Only condition 2 will impact her RSVP performance, since it is also visual
b) Both conditions will equally impact her RSVP performance
c) Both will impact her performance, but Condition 1 will impact it more than Condition 2
d) Both will impact her performance, but Condition 2 will impact it more than Condition 1

A

d, if the dual task shares a domain it will increase difficulty

57
Q

example of global resource

A

phone calls interfere with driving performance

58
Q

example of domain-specific resource

A

listen to a basketball game while playing a visual matching game

59
Q
A

Perception 351 (21 decks)

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