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Perception 351 > Hearing continued > Flashcards

Hearing continued Flashcards

1
Q

stereocilia cause changes in ____ ________ as they are flexed

A

graded potentials

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2
Q

______ in response to sound results in neurotransmitter release to auditory nerve

A

depolarization

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3
Q

depolarization is the opposite of photoreceptors that __________ when exposed to light

A

hyperpolarize

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4
Q

responses of individual AN fibers to different frequencies are related to their place along the cochlear partition is called

A

place coding

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5
Q

clearest when sounds are very faint is called

A

frequency selectivity

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6
Q

what is the name for a graph plotting thresholds of a neuron or fiber in response to sine waves with varying frequencies at the lowest intensity that will give rise to a response

A

threshold tuning curve

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7
Q

what happens to specificity of AN fibers at high amplitudes?

A

they get washed out/muddied

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8
Q

all AN fibers synapse to the _____ _____ for the ___ ___ ___

A

cochlear nuclei; same side ear

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9
Q

cells in the cochlear nuclei can code for … and use _____ _______

A

sound onset for particular frequencies or sets of frequencies; lateral inhibition

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10
Q

where are two places that we have learned about that use lateral inhibition?

A

horizontal cells in the eyes

cochlear nuclei

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11
Q

superior olives

A

first place auditory information from both ears meets

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12
Q

which system receives information first from both eyes/ears: auditory or visual?

A

auditory

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13
Q

inferior colliculus

A

receives input from both ears, but stronger signal from contralateral ear

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14
Q

order of places information received in sound

A
  1. cochlear nucleus
  2. superior olive
  3. inferior colliculus
  4. MGN
  5. Auditory cortex
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15
Q

MGN

A

part of thalamus

frequency-based, tonotopic organization maintained at all levels even into cortex

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16
Q

primary auditory cortex (A1)

A

first part of cortex to respond to sound, relatively basic processing of any sound

much like V1

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17
Q

Secondary and associational auditory areas (belt and parabelt)

A

respond to more complex sounds

parabelt communicates w/ other senses

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18
Q

tonotopic description of auditory cortex

A

sorted on frequency

the more anterior = lower

the more posterior = higher

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19
Q

psychoacoustics

A

psychophysical study of how auditory information impacts perception of sound (and thus the auditory system)

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20
Q

audibility threshold

A

the lowest sound pressure level that can be reliably detected at a given frequency

remember: 50% threshold

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21
Q

equal-loudness curve

A

a graph plotting sound pressure level vs. the frequency for which a listener perceives constant loudness (JND)

2 sounds that sound almost identical in loudness @ different frequencies/amplitudes

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22
Q

_______ and _______ have an impact on loudness, proven by equal loudness curve

A

frequency; amplitude

23
Q

temporal integration

A

longer sounds of the same amplitude will seem louder than shorter ones (in the range of 100-200 ms)

24
Q

can we detect a pitch change from 1000 to 1001 Hz?

A

yes!

25
Q

masking

A

where a 2nd sound is played on top of another

2nd sound usually white noise

mask needs to be higher in amplitude than tone to drown it out

26
Q

white noise

A

all wavelengths of sound at once

bandwidth of 20-20,000 Hz

27
Q

critical bandwidth

A

increasing the bandwidth further no longer affects the tone

28
Q

role of the ear canal

A

transmit sound

29
Q

blocking the ear canal will …

A

impact how sound can be transmitted

30
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

found in middle ear

caused by issue with ossicles (can grow too large for example in otosclerosis)

31
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

caused by deficits in cochlea and/or auditory nerve, usually due to hair cell damage

most common form of hearing loss, caused by excessive loud noise, infections, and drugs

32
Q

presbycusis

A

age-related hearing loss

33
Q

which gender sees more hearing loss with age?

A

men

34
Q

interaural time differences (ITD)

A

tiny differences in timing between when the sound hits each ear

measured in microseconds

35
Q

negative degrees of hearing means …

A

coming from the left

35
Q

azimuth

A

angle of sound on horizontal plane relative to head

36
Q

best detection of smallest just noticeable difference is @ _____ Hz

A

1000

37
Q

positive degrees of hearing means ….

A

coming from the right

38
Q

ITD detection is ______ dependent

A

frequency

39
Q

where are the cells that are in our brain that process these timing differences from each ear?

A

medial superior olive (MSO)

40
Q

for the medial superior olive, think medial –> _______

A

microseconds/time

41
Q

2 theories on medial superior olive and ITDS

A

there are differences in the length of their axons to various cells, meaning their signals exacerbate timing differences

or

signal travels slightly further in one ear than the other down the cochlea, making slight difference in frequency

42
Q

interaural level difference (ILD)

A

intensity of sound to each ear

heavily impacted by your head

43
Q

an increase of frequency = ________ in the interaural level difference

A

increase

44
Q

lateral superior olive (LSO)

A

gets excitatory inputs from ipsilateral (same) ear and inhibitory from contralateral (opposite) ear

think lateral = level/loudness

45
Q

“cone of confusion”

A

a lot of locations will have similar ILDs/ITDs

46
Q

directional transfer function

A

your pinna, ear canal, etc. change the intensity of sounds with different frequencies when they arrive at each ear from different locations in space

47
Q

your brain knows your pinna and uses its reflection of sound to …

A

understand location and elevation

48
Q

inverse-square law for distance perception

A

as distance increases, intensity decreases faster

49
Q

spectral composition of sound

A

higher frequencies decrease in energy more than lower frequencies as sound travels over distance

50
Q

why can people who are blind hear better?

A

visual cortex can “remap” to process auditory information in the absence of visual inputs

51
Q

in vision, the first part of the brain with cells that receive information from both eyes is in _____, while in hearing the first part is in _____.

a. LGN; MGN
b. V1, A1
c. V1, Superior Olive
d. LGN, superior olive

A

c

52
Q

An 1800 Hz tone is masked on Trial 1 with noise that has a bandwidth of 1750-1850 Hz. The tone is just barely audible at this point. What would happen if the bandwidth of noise was widened to 1500-2100 Hz? Assume amplitude is never adjusted for either sound.

a) The tone would become clearer against the irrelevant bandwidths
b) The tone would not be affected by the increasing bandwidth, as 100 Hz is generally the critical bandwidth
c) The tone would become inaudible, as increasing bandwidth in this range generally mask overlapping tones
d) The tone would be audible, but it would sound like it was at a different frequency

A

c

53
Q

A sound produces a maximal Interaural Timing Difference but almost no Interaural Level Difference. Which of the following most likely would produce that?

a) A sound at 90 degrees at 6000Hz
b) A sound at 180 degrees at 6000Hz
c) A sound at 180 degrees at 200 Hz
d) A sound at 90 degrees at 200 Hz

A

d

Perception 351 (21 decks)

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