Music and Speech Flashcards
rhythm
the repeated pattern of sounds compromised by strong and weak elements: part of melody tied to tempo
not exclusive to music
we often perceive rhythmic groupings when…
there are none
syncopation
the deviation from a regular rhythm
makes music unexpected/exciting
syncopated auditory polyrhythms
two rhythms are played together but slightly out of sync; one ends up dominating in most cases
octaves are relatively _____ but not every _____ is the same
universal; culture
absolute pitch
a rare ability where the person can name and produce any note without comparison to others
can identify out of key notes easily
require some sort of experience in childhoood!
is there a music region to our brain?
not really, music impacts activity in many brain regions depending on if you like it, play music, etc.
what disease has music been found to help evoke memories and can act as cues to help people recall info?
alzheimer’s
t/f: if you listen to the same music while you study and take a test you’ll do better
false!
our ability to … impacts our perception of speech
produce speech sounds
3 steps of speech
respiration
phonation
articulation
5 body parts that help us produce speech
lungs
- allows respiration/breathing
diaphragm
- initiates speech by pushing air out of lungs
larynx
- voice box, contains vocal folds/cords
vocal folds/cords
- allows phonation
vocal tract
- airway above the larynx - oral/nasal tracts
phonation
the process of these structures vibrating as air is pushed through to produce sound
size dictates _____ (how so?)
pitch
small = high
large = low
phonation creates ______ spectrum
harmonic
articulation
shape changed by manipulating other parts of the head/mouth
the act/manner of producing a speech sound
changing the shape of the vocal tract alters the ______ characteristics of produced sound
resonance
formants
resonance of the vocal tract that creates peaks in the harmonic speech spectrum
generally labeled by order from lowest (F1) to highest
how do we visualize speech?
with spectrograms!
what does it mean when it is going from a green to a red on spectrograms?
increase in amplitudes
in relation to formants and vowels, what does F1 and F2 mean respectfully?
F1 = height of tongue (high F1=low tongue position, low F1 = high tongue position)
F2 = tongue forward or back (high F2=forward, low F2= back)
2 things that matter in forming vowels
placement and air flow
manner of articulation
how much airflow is obstructed
place of articulation
where airflow is obstructed
voicing
whether or not the vocal cords are vibrating
manner of articulation: how can airflow be obstructed?
totally (b, d, etc.)
partially (s)
only slightly (r)
first blocked then open (ch, j)
blocked but open through nasal passage (n, m)
unobstructed (vowels)
place of articulation: the location where airflow obstruction occurs
at the lips (b, p, m)
at the alveolar ridge (d, t, n)
at the soft palate (g, k, ng)
voicing: vibrating vs. not vibrating
vibrating letters: b, m, z, l, r
non-vibrating letters: p, s, ch
phonemes
unit of speech
why do our articulators (tongue, lips, jaw) may not always be in the exact same position to produce a given phoneme?
we string together phonemes, resulting in coarticulation
coarticulation
where attributes of successive phonemes overlap in articulator/acoustic patterns
difference between color/language classification example and letter/language classification in cultures
for specific letters, if you don’t have them in your language you will actually be less accurate rather than the color it wasn’t about accuracy but about speed
our brain enhances the contrasts between sounds dealing with … using acoustic ____ and ______
coarticulation; cues and combos
we can differentiate between words when coarticulation is present through our …
experience!
the most important parts of speech for our understanding result in … and when these parts are masked by noised, we lose _______
large amounts of change in the shape of the basilar membrane; comprehension
native listeners quickly learn to filter …
irrelevant acoustic distinctions
statistical learning
certain sounds (making words) are more likely to occur together
how do we parse phonemes and words?
statistical learning
context and phonemic restoration can take place even when…
the context word came after!
aphasia
impairment in language processing
damage to broca’s area causes …
expressive aphasia
- understanding language but hard to produce speech in response
damage to wernicke’s area causes …
receptive aphasia
- produce speech just fine but don’t understand what they are being asked
speech like but unintelligible sounds activate … while speech activates …
both left and right temporal lobe; left temporal lobe
the parts of the brain that are activated by language tells us that language is …
left lateralized and more complex auditory information is processed more anteriorly
What is always consistent about two very different songs that have the same melody?
a. their contours
b. their frequencies
c. their tempo
d. their octaves
their contours
two phonemes are relatively similar except for one, you obstruct your airflow slightly more than the other. What aspect of articulation differs between them?
a. phonation
b. manner of artriculation
c. place of articulation
d. voicing
manner of articulation
with remapping in the brain and ASL, it is hard to parse what are speech “_______” from speech “______” regions
perception; comprehension
what changes how our brain perceives the sound
reading lips/mouth
motor theory
speech perception tied to invoking the motor processes involved in speaking
McGurk effect fits into this
