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Perception 351 > Music and Speech > Flashcards

Music and Speech Flashcards

1
Q

rhythm

A

the repeated pattern of sounds compromised by strong and weak elements: part of melody tied to tempo

not exclusive to music

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2
Q

we often perceive rhythmic groupings when…

A

there are none

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3
Q

syncopation

A

the deviation from a regular rhythm

makes music unexpected/exciting

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4
Q

syncopated auditory polyrhythms

A

two rhythms are played together but slightly out of sync; one ends up dominating in most cases

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5
Q

octaves are relatively _____ but not every _____ is the same

A

universal; culture

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6
Q

absolute pitch

A

a rare ability where the person can name and produce any note without comparison to others

can identify out of key notes easily

require some sort of experience in childhoood!

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7
Q

is there a music region to our brain?

A

not really, music impacts activity in many brain regions depending on if you like it, play music, etc.

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8
Q

what disease has music been found to help evoke memories and can act as cues to help people recall info?

A

alzheimer’s

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9
Q

t/f: if you listen to the same music while you study and take a test you’ll do better

A

false!

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10
Q

our ability to … impacts our perception of speech

A

produce speech sounds

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11
Q

3 steps of speech

A

respiration
phonation
articulation

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12
Q

5 body parts that help us produce speech

A

lungs
- allows respiration/breathing

diaphragm
- initiates speech by pushing air out of lungs

larynx
- voice box, contains vocal folds/cords

vocal folds/cords
- allows phonation

vocal tract
- airway above the larynx - oral/nasal tracts

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13
Q

phonation

A

the process of these structures vibrating as air is pushed through to produce sound

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14
Q

size dictates _____ (how so?)

A

pitch

small = high
large = low

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15
Q

phonation creates ______ spectrum

A

harmonic

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16
Q

articulation

A

shape changed by manipulating other parts of the head/mouth

the act/manner of producing a speech sound

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17
Q

changing the shape of the vocal tract alters the ______ characteristics of produced sound

A

resonance

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18
Q

formants

A

resonance of the vocal tract that creates peaks in the harmonic speech spectrum

generally labeled by order from lowest (F1) to highest

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19
Q

how do we visualize speech?

A

with spectrograms!

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20
Q

what does it mean when it is going from a green to a red on spectrograms?

A

increase in amplitudes

21
Q

in relation to formants and vowels, what does F1 and F2 mean respectfully?

A

F1 = height of tongue (high F1=low tongue position, low F1 = high tongue position)

F2 = tongue forward or back (high F2=forward, low F2= back)

22
Q

2 things that matter in forming vowels

A

placement and air flow

23
Q

manner of articulation

A

how much airflow is obstructed

24
Q

place of articulation

A

where airflow is obstructed

25
Q

voicing

A

whether or not the vocal cords are vibrating

26
Q

manner of articulation: how can airflow be obstructed?

A

totally (b, d, etc.)
partially (s)
only slightly (r)
first blocked then open (ch, j)
blocked but open through nasal passage (n, m)
unobstructed (vowels)

27
Q

place of articulation: the location where airflow obstruction occurs

A

at the lips (b, p, m)
at the alveolar ridge (d, t, n)
at the soft palate (g, k, ng)

28
Q

voicing: vibrating vs. not vibrating

A

vibrating letters: b, m, z, l, r

non-vibrating letters: p, s, ch

29
Q

phonemes

A

unit of speech

30
Q

why do our articulators (tongue, lips, jaw) may not always be in the exact same position to produce a given phoneme?

A

we string together phonemes, resulting in coarticulation

31
Q

coarticulation

A

where attributes of successive phonemes overlap in articulator/acoustic patterns

32
Q

difference between color/language classification example and letter/language classification in cultures

A

for specific letters, if you don’t have them in your language you will actually be less accurate rather than the color it wasn’t about accuracy but about speed

33
Q

our brain enhances the contrasts between sounds dealing with … using acoustic ____ and ______

A

coarticulation; cues and combos

34
Q

we can differentiate between words when coarticulation is present through our …

A

experience!

35
Q

the most important parts of speech for our understanding result in … and when these parts are masked by noised, we lose _______

A

large amounts of change in the shape of the basilar membrane; comprehension

36
Q

native listeners quickly learn to filter …

A

irrelevant acoustic distinctions

37
Q

statistical learning

A

certain sounds (making words) are more likely to occur together

38
Q

how do we parse phonemes and words?

A

statistical learning

39
Q

context and phonemic restoration can take place even when…

A

the context word came after!

40
Q

aphasia

A

impairment in language processing

41
Q

damage to broca’s area causes …

A

expressive aphasia
- understanding language but hard to produce speech in response

42
Q

damage to wernicke’s area causes …

A

receptive aphasia
- produce speech just fine but don’t understand what they are being asked

43
Q

speech like but unintelligible sounds activate … while speech activates …

A

both left and right temporal lobe; left temporal lobe

44
Q

the parts of the brain that are activated by language tells us that language is …

A

left lateralized and more complex auditory information is processed more anteriorly

45
Q

What is always consistent about two very different songs that have the same melody?

a. their contours
b. their frequencies
c. their tempo
d. their octaves

A

their contours

46
Q

two phonemes are relatively similar except for one, you obstruct your airflow slightly more than the other. What aspect of articulation differs between them?

a. phonation
b. manner of artriculation
c. place of articulation
d. voicing

A

manner of articulation

47
Q

with remapping in the brain and ASL, it is hard to parse what are speech “_______” from speech “______” regions

A

perception; comprehension

48
Q

what changes how our brain perceives the sound

A

reading lips/mouth

49
Q

motor theory

A

speech perception tied to invoking the motor processes involved in speaking

McGurk effect fits into this

Perception 351 (21 decks)

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