Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Perception 351 > Vestibular System > Flashcards

Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

the vestibular system can be considered our sense of _________

A

equilibrium; keeping yourself stable despite world around you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 things involved in the vestibular system

A

spatial orientation

vestibulo-ocular reflex

balance

vestibulo-autonomic reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

in the vestibular system, you are constantly …

A

adjusting your position yet you always feel stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

issues tied to vestibular system

A

spatial disorientation
- any impairment of spatial orientation

dizziness
- nonspecific spatial disorientation

vertigo
- a sensation of rotation or spinning

imbalance

blurred vision

illusory self-motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

spatial orientation

A

perception of angular motion, linear motion, and overall tilt

examples:
- angular: rotation of head from side to side
- linear: your bus slams on the breaks
- tilt: your orientation with respect to gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

balance

A

processes of postural control by weight distribution, allowing us to stay upright and stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

the countermovement of your eyes in response to a head movement in order to maintain stable fixation
- shaking finger = blur, shaking head = still finger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

vestibulo-autonomic responses

A

vestibular system communicates with autonomic system like blood pressure, gastrointestinal, etc. about equilibrium
- things like motion sickness tied to this, and control of blood flow when standing vs. laying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sense of equilibrium is ______

A

active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

afferent and example

A

external inputs about the world

world info going to brain

ex. graviception, vestibular system is how your body seemingly automatically understands gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

efferent

A

inputs about muscle movements

info exiting brain going to muscles, guiding movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

semicircular canals

A

3 of them!

toroidal (donut like) tubes that sense changes in angular velocity/acceleration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

otolith organs

A

2 of them!

mechanical structures that sense linear acceleration and gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when talking about vestibular sensing we’ll talk about 3 directional planes:

A

x (forward and back)
y (left/right)
z (up/down)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

orientation is relative to your ____

A

head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

linear motion can be represented in terms of … while angular motion can be represented as …

A

change along x, y, z; rotation along x, y, z

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

roll vs. pitch vs. yaw

A

roll: rotation on x-axis

pitch: rotation on y-axis

yaw: rotation on z-axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

moving at a constant velocity does not produce response in the ______ ________

A

vestibular organs

part of why you don’t feel like you’re moving in your car or the earth spinning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how do we transduce “equilibrium”?

A

hair cells and mechanoreception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

2 difference between vestibular hair cells and auditory hair cells?

A

vestibular is based on head movement instead of sound vibration

vestibular hair cells release a baseline constant amount of neurotransmitter at “rest”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

bending the stereocilia in vestibular hair cells can result in … based on the direction (what direction?)

A

depolarization (left/towards kinocilium) or hyperpolarization (right/towards shortest stereocilia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

any hair cell can code a particular set of ______/_______

A

directions/rotations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

kinocilium

A

largest stereocilia

24
Q

bony labyrinth

A

each is ~3/4 of a toroid shape (donut) filled perilymph fluid

bony exterior to keep in place

25
Q

membranous labyrinth

A

inside bony labyrinth, separated by the perilymph is a smaller, membrane toroid filled with endolymph fluid

jelly/membrane interior, change info for how fluid presses against hair cells

26
Q

the bony and membranous canals/labyrinths meet at a chamber called the

A

vestibule

27
Q

semicircular canals run ______ to each other

A

perpendicular

28
Q

horizontal semicircular canal rotates on __-axis (and term)

A

z; yaw

29
Q
A
30
Q

anterior and posterior semicircular canal rotates on both __-axis’ (and term)

A

x+y; roll+pitch

31
Q

ampulla

A

contain the structures that allow for transduction

where semicircular canals swell into

32
Q

features inside the ampulla

A

crista
- ~7000 hair cells are anchored and connected to nerve fibers

cupula
- a jelly-like, elastic dam into which stereocilia project

33
Q

hair cells in each ampulla are arranged in the same direction with respect to their

A

kinocilium

34
Q

as you rotate tour head, endolymph movement lags due to _____

A

inertia

35
Q

the endolymph presses in the _____ direction on the cupula, deflecting the ________ of the hair cells

A

opposite; stereocilia

36
Q

your two ears respond in _________ fashions in relation to the endolymph movement; meaning when one side is depolarized, the other is _________

A

complementary; hyperpolarized

37
Q

opposing posterior/anterior canals have _____ planes, so the push/pull complementary nature is between posterior/anterior from opposite ears (what does this mean)

A

parallel; one sides anterior is opposite of the other sides posterior canal

38
Q

since afferent are firing steadily, the can code …

A

both decreases and increases in angular acceleration and amount is based on how deflected the hair cells become

39
Q

why do we use sine waves to measure back and forth movements of the head?

A

many movements return to baseline and you can also deconstruct complex movements into simple sine waves

40
Q

2 organs that sense acceleration and tilt (overall term for them both then individual names and differences)

A

otolith organs
- utricle: 30,000 hair cells
- saccule: 16,000 hair cells

41
Q

macula

A

“spot”

present on both otolith organs, specialized to detect linear acceleration and gravity/detect shear forces

42
Q

the macula are planar, so the utricle macula is ______ while the saccular macula is ______

A

horizontal; vertical

43
Q

striola

A

hair cells aligned relative to a midline structure in the macula

44
Q

otoconia

A

ear stones present on top of stereocilia in macula

exacerbate the inertia of the gel membrane and also weigh it down relative to gravity

45
Q

______ accelerations move otoconia more; meaning that change in receptor’s potential is _______ to the magnitude of that movement

A

large; proportional

46
Q

3 ways to test vestibular perception

A

threshold estimation
- what is the minimum motion needed to correctly perceive motion direction

magnitude estimation
- participants report how much they think they tilted, rotated, or translated

matching
- participants are tilted and then orient a line with the direction of gravity. done in a dark room with only the line visible to avoid any visual cues

47
Q

velocity storage

A

perception of “stop” lags behind the time course of the neurons’ habituation

48
Q

when reproducing translations, the vestibular system is not only good at producing ______, but also _____

A

direction; velocity

49
Q

vestibular system detects velocity by doing ________ ________

A

mathematical integration

50
Q

which part of the vestibular system physically causes hair cells to bend in response to fluid inertia from angular motion?

a. cupula
b. saccule
c. utricle
d. ampulla

A

cupula

51
Q

do you know what angular rotation and tilt looks like on graphs?

A

yes, on slide 6 for touch presentation

52
Q

is there a vestibular cortex?

A

nope

53
Q

vestibulo-spinal responses

A

a set of reflexes that help you almost automatically adjust your body as you transfer weight

54
Q

vestibular organs project to the _______ _____ in the brain stem

A

vestibular nuclei

55
Q

the vestibular nuclei project to _______ where it is integrated with muscle/skin input and from there, goes to multiple cortical regions, many of which also receive visual input –> _______ ______

A

thalamus; multisensory integration

56
Q

multisensory integration

A

vestibular inputs combined at multiple points with other senses

57
Q

vection

A

anything that gives you a sense of motion/physical movement/rotation despite not moving at all

ex. being on a boat all day and then stepping off but still feeling as though you are on a boat

Perception 351 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions