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Perception 351 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

after the striate, information travels to the extrastriate cortex, which contains…

A

multiple sub-areas

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2
Q

after extrastriate, what are the two pathways?

A

ventral “what”
dorsal “where”

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3
Q

ventral “what” pathway

A

simply concerned with detecting identity - sometimes you need to recognize an object regardless of where you are seeing it

ex) can still recognize Dr. Dulas outside of the classroom

consists of:

V2
V4
Inferotemporal cortex

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4
Q

dorsal “where” pathway

A

simply concerned with detecting presence - sometimes you just need to avoid something, regardless of what it is

ex) if a car is coming towards you, don’t care what model it is just know to get out of the way

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5
Q

V2 receptive fields categorize boundary ownership, meaning

A

codes which part of a visual image is object and which is background

understands transparency/space

depicted by gray square images

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6
Q

inferotemporal cortex

A

high-level vision (objects)

part of the brain that knows what objects are

lesions to this region produces agnosia

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7
Q

agnosia

A

failure to recognize an object even though you are able to see it

can come in different forms, but all involve a breakdown in object recognition

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8
Q

receptive fields in the inferotemporal cortex are less about a part of _____ and more about particular types of _______. what are the two theories behind this?

A

space; stimuli

networks/ensembles of cells or individual cell coding/”grandmother cells”

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9
Q

grandmother cells

A

very hypothetical that specific cells code for a specific face

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10
Q

feed-forward process

A

generally occurs bottom-up, unidirectionally without higher levels feeding back info to lower levels

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11
Q

reverse hierarchy theory

A

allows for bottom-up, feed-forward processing that gives initial info about objects

BUT as additional processing at higher levels occurs, info flows back down the hierarchy to lower visual regions to alter their processing and refine details

top-down feedback
- higher levels communicate back to lower levels

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12
Q

mid-level vision

A

in-between

defining boundaries, grouping parts of an image

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13
Q

illusory contours and types

A

when you perceive a contrast even though the actual visual info doesn’t change between the two perceived parts

types:
contrast changes
continuation
emergence

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14
Q

gestalt processing

A

the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

our perception cannot be defined bu actual pieces of the visual world

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15
Q

4 rules of gestalt processing

A

closure
similarity
proximity
continuation

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16
Q

closure

A

assumption that shapes/objects are complete despite being obscured by other info

usually applying to negative white space

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17
Q

similarity

A

assumption that info that is of the same kind (shape, color, etc.) groups together

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18
Q

proximity

A

assumption that info that is relatively close together must also group together/potential emergent shape

19
Q

continuation

A

assumption that lines/edges/contours keep going in their general direction even when encountering other objects

20
Q

assumptions can _______

A

compete

21
Q

2 types of competition in assumptions

A

parallelism and symmetry
common region and connectedness

22
Q

heuristics

A

shortcut in the brain –> effective processing

fast and often effective but imperfect

23
Q

2 types of camouflage

A

unintentional

dazzle
- can see but not identify edges, direction or distance

24
Q

levels of “what” vision

A

low-level
- V1/striate
- line and edge detection

mid-level
- extrastriate (V2-V4)
- more complex “parts” of objects

high-level
- inferotemporal cortex
- specific types of objects (faces, scenes, tools, etc.)

25
Q

3 inferotemporal cortex regions

A

fusiform face area
- highly sensitive to faces

parahippocampal place area
- highly sensitive to scenes

word form area
- attends to physical properties of words

26
Q

V4

A

understands angles intrinsic to an object vs. those caused bu accidental occlusion

these complex shapes could potentially be the start of our visual system’s ability to detect object parts

theoretical

27
Q

what gestalt principle explains our perception of the upside down white triangle (white negative space)?

a. continuity
b. closure
c. similarity
d. proximity

A

closure

28
Q

what other gestalt principle explains our perception of the right side up triangle (lines)?

a. continuity
b. connectedness
c. similarity
d. proximity

A

continuity

29
Q

t/f: heuristics are generally fast

A

true

30
Q

t/f: heuristics are rarely accurate

A

false

31
Q

t/f: heuristics can always be overcome by attention

A

falsee

32
Q

in general, camouflage of any kind disrupts our ability to segment textures in our visual world, meaning …

A

hard to figure out when one texture goes into another

the visual system’s process of carving an image into regions of common texture properties

33
Q

texture segmentation is shaped by _____ and _______

A

experience; evolution

34
Q

perception can be thought of as the result of a “________” of principles that come to some sort of consensus to resolve ________

A

committee; ambiguity

35
Q

mid-level committee “rules”

A

bring together that which should be together
split asunder that which should be separate
use what you know
avoid accidents
seek consensus to avoid ambiguity

36
Q

global superiorty effect

A

properties of the larger figure override properties of the components

ex) cloud art

37
Q

perception assumes viewpoints are ___ accidental

A

not

38
Q

what heuristics are used to determine figure vs. ground

A

ground tends to be larger in size
ground tends to surround figure
things with high symmetry generally are figure

39
Q

relatability

A

assuming two line segments that share the same slope/contour are part of a continuous whole

generally needs to involve only 1 bend

40
Q

object recognition is not only fast, but _____

A

robust

41
Q

2 potential models of object recognition

A

template models
- visual pattern that is stored in memory
- learned through experience
- assumes that view point matters

structural
- emphasizes the importance of object components and their spatial relations
- geons
- assumes that view point doesn’t matter

42
Q

geons

A

building blocks of larger objects

43
Q

3 levels of object recognition

A

global (broad)
basic (general)
specific

ex) global - furniture
basic - table
specific - kitchen table

44
Q

2 types of agnosia

A

prosopagnosia
- facial recognition deficit

alexia
- visual word recognition deficit

Perception 351 (21 decks)

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