Chapter 4

Question 1

after the striate, information travels to the extrastriate cortex, which contains…

Answer 1

multiple sub-areas

Question 2

after extrastriate, what are the two pathways?

Answer 2

ventral “what”
dorsal “where”

Question 3

ventral “what” pathway

Answer 3

simply concerned with detecting identity - sometimes you need to recognize an object regardless of where you are seeing it

ex) can still recognize Dr. Dulas outside of the classroom

consists of:

V2
V4
Inferotemporal cortex

Question 4

dorsal “where” pathway

Answer 4

simply concerned with detecting presence - sometimes you just need to avoid something, regardless of what it is

ex) if a car is coming towards you, don’t care what model it is just know to get out of the way

Question 5

V2 receptive fields categorize boundary ownership, meaning

Answer 5

codes which part of a visual image is object and which is background

understands transparency/space

depicted by gray square images

Question 6

inferotemporal cortex

Answer 6

high-level vision (objects)

part of the brain that knows what objects are

lesions to this region produces agnosia

Question 7

agnosia

Answer 7

failure to recognize an object even though you are able to see it

can come in different forms, but all involve a breakdown in object recognition

Question 8

receptive fields in the inferotemporal cortex are less about a part of _____ and more about particular types of _______. what are the two theories behind this?

Answer 8

space; stimuli

networks/ensembles of cells or individual cell coding/”grandmother cells”

Question 9

grandmother cells

Answer 9

very hypothetical that specific cells code for a specific face

Question 10

feed-forward process

Answer 10

generally occurs bottom-up, unidirectionally without higher levels feeding back info to lower levels

Question 11

reverse hierarchy theory

Answer 11

allows for bottom-up, feed-forward processing that gives initial info about objects

BUT as additional processing at higher levels occurs, info flows back down the hierarchy to lower visual regions to alter their processing and refine details

top-down feedback
- higher levels communicate back to lower levels

Question 12

mid-level vision

Answer 12

in-between

defining boundaries, grouping parts of an image

Question 13

illusory contours and types

Answer 13

when you perceive a contrast even though the actual visual info doesn’t change between the two perceived parts

types:
contrast changes
continuation
emergence

Question 14

gestalt processing

Answer 14

the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

our perception cannot be defined bu actual pieces of the visual world

Question 15

4 rules of gestalt processing

Answer 15

closure
similarity
proximity
continuation

Question 16

closure

Answer 16

assumption that shapes/objects are complete despite being obscured by other info

usually applying to negative white space

Question 17

similarity

Answer 17

assumption that info that is of the same kind (shape, color, etc.) groups together

Question 18

proximity

Answer 18

assumption that info that is relatively close together must also group together/potential emergent shape

Question 19

continuation

Answer 19

assumption that lines/edges/contours keep going in their general direction even when encountering other objects

Question 20

assumptions can _______

Answer 20

compete

Question 21

2 types of competition in assumptions

Answer 21

parallelism and symmetry
common region and connectedness

Question 22

heuristics

Answer 22

shortcut in the brain –> effective processing

fast and often effective but imperfect

Question 23

2 types of camouflage

Answer 23

unintentional

dazzle
- can see but not identify edges, direction or distance

Question 24

levels of “what” vision

Answer 24

low-level
- V1/striate
- line and edge detection

mid-level
- extrastriate (V2-V4)
- more complex “parts” of objects

high-level
- inferotemporal cortex
- specific types of objects (faces, scenes, tools, etc.)

Question 25

3 inferotemporal cortex regions

Answer 25

fusiform face area - highly sensitive to faces parahippocampal place area - highly sensitive to scenes word form area - attends to physical properties of words

Question 26

V4

Answer 26

understands angles intrinsic to an object vs. those caused bu accidental occlusion these complex shapes could potentially be the start of our visual system's ability to detect object parts theoretical

Question 27

what gestalt principle explains our perception of the upside down white triangle (white negative space)? a. continuity b. closure c. similarity d. proximity

Answer 27

closure

Question 28

what other gestalt principle explains our perception of the right side up triangle (lines)? a. continuity b. connectedness c. similarity d. proximity

Answer 28

continuity

Question 29

t/f: heuristics are generally fast

Answer 29

true

Question 30

t/f: heuristics are rarely accurate

Answer 30

false

Question 31

t/f: heuristics can always be overcome by attention

Answer 31

falsee

Question 32

in general, camouflage of any kind disrupts our ability to **segment textures** in our visual world, meaning ...

Answer 32

hard to figure out when one texture goes into another the visual system's process of carving an image into regions of common texture properties

Question 33

texture segmentation is shaped by _____ and _______

Answer 33

experience; evolution

Question 34

perception can be thought of as the result of a "________" of principles that come to some sort of consensus to resolve ________

Answer 34

committee; ambiguity

Question 35

mid-level committee "rules"

Answer 35

bring together that which should be together split asunder that which should be separate use what you know avoid accidents seek consensus to avoid ambiguity

Question 36

global superiorty effect

Answer 36

properties of the larger figure override properties of the components ex) cloud art

Question 37

perception assumes viewpoints are ___ accidental

Answer 37

**not**

Question 38

what heuristics are used to determine figure vs. ground

Answer 38

ground tends to be larger in size ground tends to surround figure things with high symmetry generally are figure

Question 39

relatability

Answer 39

assuming two line segments that share the same slope/contour are part of a continuous whole **generally needs to involve only 1 bend**

Question 40

object recognition is not only fast, but _____

Answer 40

robust

Question 41

2 potential models of object recognition

Answer 41

template models - visual pattern that is stored in memory - learned through experience - assumes that view point matters structural - emphasizes the importance of object components and their spatial relations - geons - assumes that view point doesn't matter

Question 42

geons

Answer 42

building blocks of larger objects

Question 43

3 levels of object recognition

Answer 43

global (broad) basic (general) specific ex) global - furniture basic - table specific - kitchen table

Question 44

2 types of agnosia

Answer 44

prosopagnosia - facial recognition deficit alexia - visual word recognition deficit