Complex Sounds Flashcards
most sounds are not pure tones, but rather a set of _________
harmonics
fundamental frequency is also perceived ______
pitch
spacing of additional frequencies that makes timbre is tied to the _______ _____ ________
lowest common denominator
if you are missing the fundamental frequency/lowest frequency in a harmonic, will you still be able to hear the same note? what is this called?
yes! missing fundamental effect
missing fundamental effect
if there are multiple harmonics spaced equally apart, you brain interprets that lowest common denominator (the spacing) and perceives pitch, even if that fundamental frequency is gone
harmonics will create a peak at the fundamental frequency still
attack and decay of sounds
attack - the start, how a sound ramps up in amplitude
decay - how a sound dies back out and decreases in amplitude
what 3 things come together to help us parse the multitude of sounds around us?
localization, timbre/harmonics, and attack/decay
auditory scene analysis
wherein we parse multiple sound sources into separate sound “images”
auditory stream segregation (what three things impact this?)
one source can make many sounds; frequency, spacing and attack/decay
frequency, timing or the rising/falling pattern causes tones to …
“pop out”
heuristic of common fate
like continuation, assumption that sounds that start together are from the same thing, groups harmonics into single complex tone
we are not great at recognizing distinct sounds when played at the same time just once, but if you keep hearing a unique tone paired with changing tones, you can learn …
to segregate it
sound restoration
similar to continuation in vision, leave empty space = probably hear gap but if you fill with sound = make base tone sound continuous
if masked, brain assumes the sound continues
attention can serve to enhance … and inhibit …
attended information; to-be-ignored information
a brand new, sudden sound will often cause an _____ ______ ______, where you …
acoustic startle reflex; make a somewhat automatic motor response
depends on context/emotion; more likely to be startled in a scary movie than in a comedy
inattentional deafness
fully-audible stimuli are missed due to allocating attention to another sound stream
cocktail party effect
ability to attend to a single speaker in a crowded noisy environment
dichotic listening
playing separate streams of information to each ear (similar to dichotic viewing)
headphones are the perfect example!
for dichotic listening, the listener _____ what they hear in a particular ear
shadows, or repeats
if told to attend to one channel of information in one ear and ignore the other ear, participants report …
almost none of the message or even language change in the unattended ear (no meaningful information)
what is something that gets through dichotic listening?
your name!
if hearing a stream switches between ears, will actually …
continue with that stream without realizing it
does the unattended channel of sound get processed?
yes, but much weaker
in hemineglect patients, when multiple sounds are played, the left side is often …
neglected
music is not just sound, but _____
emotion
octaves
notes that have a 2:1 frequency ration
tone height
how high or low pitch a tone is, frequency based/octave levels
tone chroma
a sound quality shared by tones in the same octave interval (similar to hue of color)
every musical note has its own chroma, can be visualized in a …
musical helix
most musical instruments produce notes below … why?
4000 Hz; we have a hard time perceiving octave relationships beyond 5000 Hz
chords
combine 3 or more notes
consonant vs. dissonant chords
c - chords with simple ratios of note frequencies
d- chords with less elegant ratios of note frequencies
melody
sequence of notes/chords with a coherent structure
less about exact sequence of pitches but its contour
contour
the rises and declines of pitch over time
tempo
speed of melody/playing
tempo changes overall speed but relative length of notes maintained
This auditory phenomenon is similar to the Gestalt heuristic of continuation, where the brain fills in a missing sound if it is obscured by noise.
a. restoration
b. stream segregation
c. grouping by onset
d. dichotic listening
restoration
Kyle is doing a dichotic listening task. He is attending to his left ear. Given what is presented to each ear, what do you think he will say while shadowing?
Left: one two three four five there are a few ways we can learn
Right: human speech is very important six seven eight nine ten
a. one two three four five there are a few wats we can learn
b. human speech is very important six seven eight nine ten
c. one two three four five six seven eight nine ten
d. human speech is very important there are a few ways we can learn
one two three four five six seven eight nine ten
Which of the following are true about a D2 and a D3 note?
a. they have different tone height and different chroma
b. they have the same tone height and same chroma
c. they have the same tone height but different chroma
d. they have the same tone chroma but different height
d. they have the same tone chroma but different height
