Visions of order and change

Question 1

What was the most successful ideology of 19th century Europe?

Answer 1

Liberalism

Question 2

Liberal ideals

Answer 2

Freedom of press, free speech, freedom of religion, constitutionalism, concerned about protection of the individual, expansion of franchise but not universal, free markets

Question 3

Radical ideals

Answer 3

Universal male franchise, Direct action, need social trasnformation, people work towards the same goals, duties rather than rights, lack of violence

Question 4

Conservative ideals

Answer 4

Continuity,hierarchy a natural thing, opposed to social contract

Question 5

Quote - Paquette: Iberian Romantic Liberalism

Answer 5

Genuine liberty consisted in the absence of dependence: on formal rules, on foreign fashions, imitation in general, and the tyranny of artistic ‘schools’

Question 6

Distinction between romantic liberalism and other forms

Answer 6

Romantic liberalism was less concerned with economic freedom than most forms of liberalism. It felt that it had a shallow historical and social imagination

Question 7

When was the most liberal French state

Answer 7

The second empire

Question 8

Year universal male sufferage passed in France

Answer 8

1851

Question 9

Quote: Voting in French second empire - Hazareesingh

Answer 9

Millions of people not only acquired the habit of voting regularly during these years but also came to express their political preferences in an increasingly independent manner

Question 10

General supporters of liberal politics

Answer 10

The middle class

Question 11

The original meaning of liberalism

Answer 11

The laudable attributes of a member of the elite

Question 12

Meaning of liberalism in France 1795

Answer 12

It meant defending the republican government, supporting rule of law, civil equality and rights like freedom of the press and religion

Question 13

Constant’s view of religion

Answer 13

It was a central moralising force, issue was not with religion but its association with power, church and state should be seperate

Question 14

Quote from a liberal pamphlet

Answer 14

A political idea was liberal when it was “directed toward the advantage of all, toward the public good and not toward the particular good of an individual or a class

Question 15

Economic beliefs held by liberals and why

Answer 15

Economic liberalisation would remedy all social ills. Economic progress was ultimate public good. Laissez faire economic system

Question 16

What systems of government were liberals most in favour of?

Answer 16

A constitutional monarchy which would guarantee certain rights to all citizens. Parliamentary republic with a restricted franchise and equality before the law

Question 17

What was the key difference between democrats and liberals?

Answer 17

Democrats wanted to secure equality of opportunity and equality before the law at the cost of greater economic levelling

Question 18

How was democracy often treated?

Answer 18

As a frightening prospect which harkened back to the days of Jacobinism

Question 19

What value did socialists idealise above all else?

Answer 19

The ideal of fraternity as they felt men are good by nature so would naturally behave as brothers

Question 20

What happened to socialism as the century wore on?

Answer 20

It increasingly became connected to authoritarian and oppressive regimes

Question 21

What were the consequences of the constitution of Cadiz?

Answer 21

Roman Catholicism was proclaimed the sole religion of Spain, affirmed national sovereignty, freedom of the press and free enterprise, allowed universal male suffrage, limited monarchy, created a single chamber parliament with no special representation for the church or nobility.

Question 22

What did French republicans seen as the cause of problems such as corruption and poverty?

Answer 22

The fact that there was a small electorate meaning power was in the hands of the few

Question 23

What happened to the French electorate in 1848?

Answer 23

Increased from 200,000 to 9 million

Question 24

How was 1848 often viewed?

Answer 24

As an extension of 1789. It was an ordered version of the first republic and was seen as far more liberatory especially due to the repression that came after.

Question 25

What movements in the second republic were associate it with the left side of the political spectrum?

Answer 25

The right to work which was partially granted due to the promise of labour to the unemployed. As well as creation of public work, assistance to orphans and elderly and free primary education.

Question 26

What united republicans under the second republic and empire?

Answer 26

Opposition to Napoleon the 3rd. They felt he was tyrannical and was reversing many of their movements in 1848.

Question 27

After the third republic was formed what became instituted?

Answer 27

republican governance, free and secular education, separation of church and state, autonomy for localities. The church lost power and grip over much of the country.