Visions of order and change Flashcards
What was the most successful ideology of 19th century Europe?
Liberalism
Liberal ideals
Freedom of press, free speech, freedom of religion, constitutionalism, concerned about protection of the individual, expansion of franchise but not universal, free markets
Radical ideals
Universal male franchise, Direct action, need social trasnformation, people work towards the same goals, duties rather than rights, lack of violence
Conservative ideals
Continuity,hierarchy a natural thing, opposed to social contract
Quote - Paquette: Iberian Romantic Liberalism
Genuine liberty consisted in the absence of dependence: on formal rules, on foreign fashions, imitation in general, and the tyranny of artistic ‘schools’
Distinction between romantic liberalism and other forms
Romantic liberalism was less concerned with economic freedom than most forms of liberalism. It felt that it had a shallow historical and social imagination
When was the most liberal French state
The second empire
Year universal male sufferage passed in France
1851
Quote: Voting in French second empire - Hazareesingh
Millions of people not only acquired the habit of voting regularly during these years but also came to express their political preferences in an increasingly independent manner
General supporters of liberal politics
The middle class
The original meaning of liberalism
The laudable attributes of a member of the elite
Meaning of liberalism in France 1795
It meant defending the republican government, supporting rule of law, civil equality and rights like freedom of the press and religion
Constant’s view of religion
It was a central moralising force, issue was not with religion but its association with power, church and state should be seperate
Quote from a liberal pamphlet
A political idea was liberal when it was “directed toward the advantage of all, toward the public good and not toward the particular good of an individual or a class
Economic beliefs held by liberals and why
Economic liberalisation would remedy all social ills. Economic progress was ultimate public good. Laissez faire economic system
What systems of government were liberals most in favour of?
A constitutional monarchy which would guarantee certain rights to all citizens. Parliamentary republic with a restricted franchise and equality before the law
What was the key difference between democrats and liberals?
Democrats wanted to secure equality of opportunity and equality before the law at the cost of greater economic levelling
How was democracy often treated?
As a frightening prospect which harkened back to the days of Jacobinism
What value did socialists idealise above all else?
The ideal of fraternity as they felt men are good by nature so would naturally behave as brothers
What happened to socialism as the century wore on?
It increasingly became connected to authoritarian and oppressive regimes
What were the consequences of the constitution of Cadiz?
Roman Catholicism was proclaimed the sole religion of Spain, affirmed national sovereignty, freedom of the press and free enterprise, allowed universal male suffrage, limited monarchy, created a single chamber parliament with no special representation for the church or nobility.
What did French republicans seen as the cause of problems such as corruption and poverty?
The fact that there was a small electorate meaning power was in the hands of the few
What happened to the French electorate in 1848?
Increased from 200,000 to 9 million
How was 1848 often viewed?
As an extension of 1789. It was an ordered version of the first republic and was seen as far more liberatory especially due to the repression that came after.
What movements in the second republic were associate it with the left side of the political spectrum?
The right to work which was partially granted due to the promise of labour to the unemployed. As well as creation of public work, assistance to orphans and elderly and free primary education.
What united republicans under the second republic and empire?
Opposition to Napoleon the 3rd. They felt he was tyrannical and was reversing many of their movements in 1848.
After the third republic was formed what became instituted?
republican governance, free and secular education, separation of church and state, autonomy for localities. The church lost power and grip over much of the country.
