Connectivity and mobility Flashcards
When did a big shift in urbanisation take place
1850 onwards
What forces contributed to greater population mobility?
Growth of population, legal, institutional and economic changes, emancipation of serfs, removal of guilds
What causes a positive feedback loop of growth of cities?
It is easier to transport heavy goods to cities due to greater connections and more factories meaning greater output. This means more can be consumed in a small area and population and size of cities can grow and thus produce more
How much rail was there in 1840?
2,400km
Countries with more/less developed rail systems in 1860
More: Britain, Germany, France
Less: Balkans, Italy, Spain
Within how many days could you travel anywhere in Europe
5
When did the underground open?
1863
What were the geopolitical implications of the telegram?
The people who made the connections were generally diplomats and leaders, July crisis had ultimatums as a part of it and Austria declared war by telegraph. Diplomatic meetings could take place more quickly but war could escalate easily
What was the Zollverein?
A German customs union established in 1834 excluding Austria.
What does Green argue caused the German unification?
The wars of 1866 and 1870/71
Quote Green: Was an important goal of railway construction.
“Linking the capital with its provinces was a very important goal in railway construction”
How many people were travelling each year in Saxony and Wuttermberg?
8 million and 6 million
Quote: what was made a statewide celebration due to railway
In Wuttermberg railways made the Cannstatter Volksfest a genuinely state wide celebration
Greens argument about the unifying power of rail on Germany
Construction did not specifically encourage integration within the Zollverein zone, links were made with plenty of other countries as well.
“Popularity of local railways contributed to the popularity of state governments over the popularity of a national unified government.”
Who saw the telegraph as a threat and why?
Metternich saw it as a threat to the military as he thought it would allow news to spread quickly as well as rebellious action. Governments were generally opposed to providing the public with telegraphs
Amount of rail in Germany in 1913
60,000km
Johann Peter Eckermann on why he wasn’t uneasy of German unity
He believed “our good highroads and future railroads will of themselves do their part”.
What unifying ideals spread throughout Europe?
The growth of capitalism. Was a European model of rail infrastructure which countries outside of Europe tried to replicate. New norms like timetable discipline and punctuality
Pass card treaty (1850)
Passports more common in German states and Visa abolished. Only given to those deemed reliable
Quote Torpey, the status of travel
“Movement as such now came to be legally regarded a normal aspect of daily life.”
1867 passport law (Germany)
Freedom to travel made the new law of the land by this.
Torpey Quote: French nationality policy
“France of the Third Republic was taking steps to distinguish more sharply between its own nationals and others”
How many poles Bismark excluded from Germany and why
40,000 out of fear of Polonization.
Historiography: Abigail Green
It wasn’t connections and railway links that made Germany a more united state. If anything these showed differences within between the states as it reinforced their national identities. It was rather the wars of 1870 that unified Germany. There were also often links made to external countries which benefitted the individual states rather than the collective
Historiography: Robert Millward
Private sector took up rail construction with the public sector as a buffer. Governments didn’t want news to spread too quickly as they felt it was dangerous and could incite revolution. Why many leaders such as Metternich were opposed to connections from telegraph. Rail was also used to internally connect a country to its peripheries
Historiography: Osterhammel
Railroad led to new shared norms in Europe such as timetables or punctuality. Rail was often carried out in national interest leading to rivalries. Same view as Green
Historiography: Torpey
Countries such as Britain were developing a domestic free market whilst they were regulating the movement of foreigners. It could be done but not on an international level. As the century wore on it became unacceptable to restrict those of the lower classes to travel as it was limiting their social mobility. There was also a greater need to distinguish nationals from others as there was a growing amount of immigration
