Connectivity and mobility

Question 1

When did a big shift in urbanisation take place

Answer 1

1850 onwards

Question 2

What forces contributed to greater population mobility?

Answer 2

Growth of population, legal, institutional and economic changes, emancipation of serfs, removal of guilds

Question 3

What causes a positive feedback loop of growth of cities?

Answer 3

It is easier to transport heavy goods to cities due to greater connections and more factories meaning greater output. This means more can be consumed in a small area and population and size of cities can grow and thus produce more

Question 4

How much rail was there in 1840?

Answer 4

2,400km

Question 5

Countries with more/less developed rail systems in 1860

Answer 5

More: Britain, Germany, France
Less: Balkans, Italy, Spain

Question 6

Within how many days could you travel anywhere in Europe

Answer 6

5

Question 7

When did the underground open?

Answer 7

1863

Question 8

What were the geopolitical implications of the telegram?

Answer 8

The people who made the connections were generally diplomats and leaders, July crisis had ultimatums as a part of it and Austria declared war by telegraph. Diplomatic meetings could take place more quickly but war could escalate easily

Question 9

What was the Zollverein?

Answer 9

A German customs union established in 1834 excluding Austria.

Question 10

What does Green argue caused the German unification?

Answer 10

The wars of 1866 and 1870/71

Question 11

Quote Green: Was an important goal of railway construction.

Answer 11

“Linking the capital with its provinces was a very important goal in railway construction”

Question 12

How many people were travelling each year in Saxony and Wuttermberg?

Answer 12

8 million and 6 million

Question 13

Quote: what was made a statewide celebration due to railway

Answer 13

In Wuttermberg railways made the Cannstatter Volksfest a genuinely state wide celebration

Question 14

Greens argument about the unifying power of rail on Germany

Answer 14

Construction did not specifically encourage integration within the Zollverein zone, links were made with plenty of other countries as well.
“Popularity of local railways contributed to the popularity of state governments over the popularity of a national unified government.”

Question 15

Who saw the telegraph as a threat and why?

Answer 15

Metternich saw it as a threat to the military as he thought it would allow news to spread quickly as well as rebellious action. Governments were generally opposed to providing the public with telegraphs

Question 16

Amount of rail in Germany in 1913

Answer 16

60,000km

Question 17

Johann Peter Eckermann on why he wasn’t uneasy of German unity

Answer 17

He believed “our good highroads and future railroads will of themselves do their part”.

Question 18

What unifying ideals spread throughout Europe?

Answer 18

The growth of capitalism. Was a European model of rail infrastructure which countries outside of Europe tried to replicate. New norms like timetable discipline and punctuality

Question 19

Pass card treaty (1850)

Answer 19

Passports more common in German states and Visa abolished. Only given to those deemed reliable

Question 20

Quote Torpey, the status of travel

Answer 20

“Movement as such now came to be legally regarded a normal aspect of daily life.”

Question 21

1867 passport law (Germany)

Answer 21

Freedom to travel made the new law of the land by this.

Question 22

Torpey Quote: French nationality policy

Answer 22

“France of the Third Republic was taking steps to distinguish more sharply between its own nationals and others”

Question 23

How many poles Bismark excluded from Germany and why

Answer 23

40,000 out of fear of Polonization.

Question 24

Historiography: Abigail Green

Answer 24

It wasn’t connections and railway links that made Germany a more united state. If anything these showed differences within between the states as it reinforced their national identities. It was rather the wars of 1870 that unified Germany. There were also often links made to external countries which benefitted the individual states rather than the collective

Question 25

Historiography: Robert Millward

Answer 25

Private sector took up rail construction with the public sector as a buffer. Governments didn’t want news to spread too quickly as they felt it was dangerous and could incite revolution. Why many leaders such as Metternich were opposed to connections from telegraph. Rail was also used to internally connect a country to its peripheries

Question 26

Historiography: Osterhammel

Answer 26

Railroad led to new shared norms in Europe such as timetables or punctuality. Rail was often carried out in national interest leading to rivalries. Same view as Green

Question 27

Historiography: Torpey

Answer 27

Countries such as Britain were developing a domestic free market whilst they were regulating the movement of foreigners. It could be done but not on an international level. As the century wore on it became unacceptable to restrict those of the lower classes to travel as it was limiting their social mobility. There was also a greater need to distinguish nationals from others as there was a growing amount of immigration