Roads to conflict

Question 1

What was the Eastern Question?

Answer 1

The issue of political and economic stability in the Ottoman empire in the late C18th and early C20th.

Question 2

What shift took place in the 18th century in terms of states power?

Answer 2

The Russian and Ottoman empires switched power due to the Ottoman’s being restricted by the Habsburgs

Question 3

What groups lived in the Balkans?

Answer 3

Slavs, Greeks, Bosnian Muslims

Question 4

How did the Ottoman empire reform?

Answer 4

Became more centralised, reformed the army and taxes.

Question 5

What were the consequences of the Serbian uprisings of 1804 and 1815

Answer 5

They remained part of the Ottoman empire but had some rights in managing their own affairs

Question 6

What were the consequences of the Crimean war?

Answer 6

Russia was removed from the concert of Europe, Ottoman empire was included on probation, more colonial infrastructure, expansion of Serbia.

Question 7

When was the first time a united Germany played an international role?

Answer 7

At the congress and treaty of Berlin.

Question 8

When did the Eastern Question start to emerge?

Answer 8

The 1820s

Question 9

What were the three most important phases of the Eastern Quesion

Answer 9

The Greek war of independence (1821), Crimean war (1853-1856) and the Eastern Crises (1875-1878)

Question 10

Why did many countries not want the Ottoman empire to collapse?

Answer 10

It was useful for trade and its decline would have led to more liberalism in Europe

Question 11

What were the conseuqneces of the Crimean war?

Answer 11

Ottomans accepted into the concert of Europe, Russia seen as a weak power and pushed East. Russia took on new identity as defenders of Orthodox Christianity in Europe

Question 12

What was the Eastern Crisis?

Answer 12

Uprisings in the Ottoman empire which led to the intervention of external powers and the taking away of Ottoman land. Ottoman empire also carried out massacres in Chios, means their reputation declined.

Question 13

Who does Remak see as the main players in starting WW1?

Answer 13

Serbia and Austria

Question 14

Who have revisionists blamed for the outbreak of WW1

Answer 14

Austria Hungary, but also France and Russia

Question 15

Who did Sidney Fay blame for the outbreak of WW1?

Answer 15

Austria Hungary, Germany and Russia

Question 16

How did the independence of Serbia and decline in Ottoman empire lead to WW1?

Answer 16

Serbia was a tumultuous nation after independence. The black hand rose up as an independence group and aimed to kill Archduke Franz Ferdinand, sparking WW1.

Question 17

Quote Williamson: who caused ww1?

Answer 17

“Austria Hungary and Germany (and Serbia) pushed events to a local war whereas French and Russian support made it a world war”

Question 18

Why did the Ottoman’s believe the July crisis was a way out of their collapse?

Answer 18

They thought they could fight a quick war and gain a strong ally in Germany.

Question 19

What event in 1875 made the Eastern question erupt once again?

Answer 19

The deposition of Abdul Aziz who was replaced by Murad V in Constantinople

Question 20

What happened at the meeting at Constantinople between powers?

Answer 20

The sultan claimed a new liberal constitution and peace was made with Serbia. Russia however declared war only a month later.

Question 21

Quote: The outcome of the settlement at the congress of Berlin

Answer 21

The settlement at the congress of Berlin had the remarkable outcome that it left each power dissatisfied and more anxious than before - Thompson

Question 22

What was the effect of the Bulgarians becoming independent?

Answer 22

Britain saw Bulgaria as a more effective block to Russia than the Ottoman’s, thus isolating the Ottoman’s even more than before

Question 23

What agreement was made in December 1887 between Britain, Austria Hungary and Italy?

Answer 23

An agreement to keep the peace and status quo in the east in order to stop Russian expansion towards Constantinople

Question 24

What happened to Russia’s concerns after 1887?

Answer 24

Became less involved in the Balkans and had greater concerns in Asia and the far east

Question 25

Who did the Ottoman empire end up having to rely on?

Answer 25

Germany for financial support. They negotiated the Berlin Baghdad which gave Germany valuable links to the Ottoman empire

Question 26

What happened in Crete in 1896?

Answer 26

Crete, which was Ottoman land was at constant conflict between the Christian majority and Muslim minority. This meant an uprising happened and with the help of Britain, France, Italy and Russia the island was granted autonomy

Question 27

When was the Young Turk revolution

Answer 27

1908

Question 28

What were the consequences of the Young Turk revolution?

Answer 28

Abdul was deposed by the Young Turks but they were inexperienced and so were replaced by his brother Mohammed.

Question 29

Historiography: Leslie Rogne Schumacher

Answer 29

The West gained an identity comparing itself to the East. There were three important phases of the eastern question being the Greek war of independence, Crimean war and Eastern Crises. Western society was allied with the Greeks as it saw them as naturally descended from the Greeks. The Ottomans were often the tool of other countries so had few allies.

Question 30

Historiography: Joachim Remak

Answer 30

The Brits were disturbing the balance of power more than anyone else as they were colonising the world. They didn’t want competition so tried to limit Germany. Shows Britain as an instigator of the war. Russia was the one that made the war a larger scale. Was a war of the Balkans, arose from nationalism which came out of resistance to the Ottoman empire. Serbia and Austria the main players

Question 31

Historiography: Frary and Kozelsky

Answer 31

There was no one Eastern question. Muslims were a key part of the Eastern question as they were seen as un-European. A historic rivalry between the Russians and Ottoman’s but it wasn’t the reason the Ottoman’s were involved in WW1. Russia saw conflict with the Ottoman’s as bigger than that with Germany.

Question 32

Historiography: Williamson

Answer 32

Germany central to any explanation of war but are now considered in conjunction with other nations. Russia had imperial aims in the Balkans due to fall out after the decline of the Ottoman empire.

Question 33

Historiography: Aksakal

Answer 33

The Ottomans joined the war because they felt threatened by Russia and wanted to strengthen their alliance with Germany.

Question 34

What were the consequences of the eastern crisis?

Answer 34

Russia uses the massacres taking place in order to intervene in the Ottoman empire. Bosnia is given to Austria Hungary and the Ottoman empire is reduced to a small central section.

Question 35

When did Bulgaria claim independence from the ottomans?

Answer 35

1908

Question 36

Quote: Remak, Was WW1 planned?

Answer 36

No govt had “premeditated desire for European war in 1914”