Economy and society

Question 1

What is the Malthusian model?

Answer 1

The model that believed we could not grow our population because as pop grows food prices increase and mortality also increases

Question 2

What allows countries to break out of the Malthusian trap?

Answer 2

Industrialisation

Question 3

What stat allows us to compare any two countries output at one time?

Answer 3

Industrial output per capita

Question 4

What happens to Britain’s industrial output per capita between 1750 and 1900?

Answer 4

Goes from 10 to 100

Question 5

From what point does German industry grow rapidly?

Answer 5

From 1860

Question 6

What are the main characteristics of industrialisation?

Answer 6

Urbanisation, factories, growth of GDP and pop, growth in productivity, changing employment structure

Question 7

Countries with the most and least dense rail network by 1913

Answer 7

Belgium and Britian, most
Russia, least despite having the most total

Question 8

What new financial institutions arise?

Answer 8

Credit based insitutions investment banks, joint stock enterprise

Question 9

What % of all big cities were port cities?

Answer 9

40%

Question 10

What was happening to employment structure give example

Answer 10

There was a shift away from primary industry to secondary and tertiary. In London, 1911 40% were employed in manufacturing and 45% worked in services

Question 11

Historiography: Greschenkron’s analysis of the 19th century

Answer 11

Believed all countries were going down the same road of industrialisation. Held that each case of industrialisation was unique with no lessons to be learned from others

Question 12

What was Gerschenkron’s idea of relative economic backwardness?

Answer 12

The idea that the more backwards a country was economically when it started to industrialise the faster it industrialises

Question 13

According to Gerschenkron what region of Europe was the most backwards?

Answer 13

The further South East you went the more backwards you got

Question 14

What was a backward country?

Answer 14

One that had less skilled labour, up to date tech, less infrastructure and capital. 7

Question 15

Why was France’s economic growth in the 19th century slow?

Answer 15

Due to its strange demographic pattern. Slow growth of the economy likely due to low fertility , would have higher gdp per capita but less growth

Question 16

What was a mixed bank?

Answer 16

A bank which mixed commercial and investment elements, originated in germany

Question 17

How many miles of rail were added to Europe between 1850-1870?

Answer 17

50,000 miles when previously there was only 15,000

Question 18

Coal production increase during the 19th century (Germany and France)

Answer 18

Germany from 4 million to 23 million tonnes
France from 4 million to 13 million tonnes

Question 19

The status of monopolies in England and Germany

Answer 19

In England there was a distinct lack of monopolies, likely due to geographic distribution of industry. Top 10 companies smelting pig iron in 1927 only made up 47% of output. 1870s Germany around 35.9%

Question 20

Pig iron output increase in Cumberland and North Lancashire

Answer 20

Increase by 63X between 1855-1875

Question 21

The % of single women and married women who worked in the 19th century?

Answer 21

More than 2/3 of single women worked and between 1/4 and 1/2 of married women worked

Question 22

What industrialisation did to women’s work.

Answer 22

Made some jobs almost exclusively female.

Question 23

% of married women in gainful employment in mid 19th century Lancashire?

Answer 23

26%

Question 24

What was the biggest employer of women?

Answer 24

Domestic service was the largest after agriculture. Domestic work meaning work where they lived with their employer

Question 25

Difference between employment of single and married women

Answer 25

Single women were gradually achieving professionalism and independence but married women were losing work or had to do part time work.

Question 26

What made a country better equipped to make industrial progress?

Answer 26

Ones which had a large amount of coal and iron as a natural resource

Question 27

When did big cities become a common feature of Europe?

Answer 27

1870

Question 28

What gives evidence of an international European economic community?

Answer 28

The international repercussions of the financial panics of 1816-17, 1819 and 1826-6

Question 29

Why would women and children sometimes be employed as opposed to skilled workers?

Answer 29

They were much cheaper to employ

Question 30

Why did revolutions take place that were related to economic developments?

Answer 30

The political side of nation’s was not able to keep up with the new economic institutions that were emerging. They weer precipitated by workers who were dissatisfied with regimes.

Question 31

Why were the middle class often appeased instead of the working class?

Answer 31

The conservative establishment often saw working class ideas as more radical and dangerous and so didn’t want to cave into their ideas.