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Anatomy & Physiology II (Lecture) > Vision - Special Sense > Flashcards

Vision - Special Sense Flashcards

1
Q

How many sensory receptors are in the eyes?

A

70%

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2
Q

How much of the cerebral cortex is related to vision?

A

About 1/2

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3
Q

How are photoreceptors stimulated?

A

By light, or photons

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4
Q

What structures protect the eye & aid in eye function?

A

Eyebrows, Cilia- Eyelashes, Palpebrae (eyelids), Conjuctiva, Lacrimal apparatus, Extrinsic Eye muscles

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5
Q

What is Palpebrae?

A

Eyelids

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6
Q

What is conjunctiva?

A

Thin membrane that covers & lines the sclera (or white part) of the eye

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7
Q

What is the function of the eyelids?

A

Protect the front part of the eye

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8
Q

What are the parts of the eyelids?

A
  • Palpebral fissure
  • Lacrimal caruncle
  • Tarsal Plates
  • Levator Palpebrae Superioris
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9
Q

What is the function of the palpebral fissure?

A

Separates superior & inferior palpebral from each other

when you open your eyes, it’s open, when you close your eyes, it closes

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10
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal caruncle

A

Makes oil/mucus for the eye

at Medial commissure

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11
Q

What is the function of the tarsal plates?

A

Internal supporting CT sheet (collagenous sheet for eye)

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12
Q

Levator Palpebrae superioris

A

Muscle that opens & closes the eyes (gives upper eyelid mobility)

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13
Q

What are the two parts of conjunctiva?

A

Bulbar & Palpebral

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14
Q

What does the Palpebral conjunctiva line?

A

The eyelids

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15
Q

What does the bulbar conjunctiva line?

A

The sclera

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16
Q

What are the two parts of the Iris?

A

Dilator Pupillae & the Sphincter Pupillae

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17
Q

Dilator Pupillae

A

Elongated, pulls to dilate pupils

  • When exposed to a dark room
  • -Sympathetic NS
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18
Q

Sphincter Pupillae

A

Circular, the muscle constricts to constrict the pupil

  • When exposed to a light room
  • Parasympathetic NS
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19
Q

What is the posterior Segment?

A

Vitreous Chamber
- Filled with thick gelatin vitreous humor
FUN FACT!
As you grow older, this jelly isn’t as thiccc and turns into a more liquidated form, pulling on the membrane with the retina and leading to splotchy dots/floaters

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20
Q

What is the anterior segment?

A

Aqueous Chamber

  • Filled with aqueous humor
  • 2 Chambers: Anterior & Posterior
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21
Q

What fills the anterior segment with aqueous humor?

A

Ciliary Processes

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22
Q

What removes the aqueous humor?

A

Scleral Venous SInus

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23
Q

Where is the Anterior Chamber of the Anterior Segment located?

A

Between the cornea & iris

24
Q

Where is the Posterior chamber of the anterior segment located?

A

Between the iris & lens

25
Q

What happens during glaucoma?

A

Increased pressure between retina & optic nerve due to the inability for the aqueous humor to drain

26
Q

What is the optic disc/blind spot?

A

Where the optic nerve exits the eye

  • No rods or cones are found here
  • No photoreceptors here means that whatever light enters thru here cannot be processed, and therefore not seen
27
Q

What is the macula lutea?

A

The entire cone shape that includes the fovea centralis in the retina

28
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

The apex of the cone (macula lutea)

29
Q

What are the two layers of the eye?

A

1) Fibrous layer
2) Vascular Layer (Uvea)
3) Inner Layer

30
Q

What is part of the fibrous layer?

A
  • Sclera

- Cornea

31
Q

Describe the sclera

A

Outer white part of the eye

32
Q

Describe the Cornea

A

Clear/Transparent

33
Q

What is part of the vascular layer?

A
  • Choroid
  • Ciliary Body
  • Ciliary processes, & ciliary muscles
  • Ciliary Zonules/Suspensory Ligament
  • Iris
34
Q

What is the choroid?

A

Brown/black layer that prevents light from scattering/bouncing around too much
(opposite in nocturnal animals, there is a mirror-reflective layer of guanine instead of black to allow light to bounce off the retina and amplify the lights

35
Q

What is apart of the ciliary body?

A

Ciliary Processes & Ciliary Muscles

36
Q

What is the function of the ciliary processes?

A

To create aqueous humor

37
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscles?

A

Helps change the shape of the lens for focusing

38
Q

What is the ciliary zonules/suspensory ligament

A

They hold/suspend the lens of the eye (like rope holding the lens in place)

39
Q

What is the iris?

A

Colored part of the eye, controls amount of light entering posterior segment

40
Q

What is it called when you are checking for responses (constriction) when shining a light in your eye

A

Accommodation Pupillary Reflex

41
Q

What are the parts of the inner Layer?

A

retina (sensory layer/Neural Layer) + pigmented epithelium

42
Q

What are the parts of the neural layer of the retina?

A

1) Photoreceptors
2) Bipolar Neurons/Cells
3) Ganglion Neurons/Cells

43
Q

List the parts of the neural layer of the retina from closes to the light source to furthest away from the light source.

A

1) Ganglion Neurons/Cells
2) Bipolar Neurons/Cells
3) Photoreceptors

44
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors?

A

Rods & Cones

45
Q

What are the rods?

A

Your peripheral vision

  • For night-time vision
  • Blurry/low resolution
46
Q

What are the cones?

A

Day & color perception

  • In the macula lutea
  • Good focus/resolution (especially at the fovea centralis)
47
Q

What are the bipolar neurons/cell layer?

A

Middle layer of retina

  • Has horizontal & amacrine cells
  • Helps fine-tune images/sharpen images
48
Q

What are the ganglion Neurons/Cell layer?

A

Axons that make up the optic nerve

49
Q

Where do the pigments from seeing come from?

A

The photoreceptors (there are proteins that read the pigments as colors)

50
Q

What is the convergence of the eyeballs?

A

Eyes converge medially to focus close-in; looking straight ahead is the best for focusing

51
Q

What happens when you shine a low light on someone?

A

Pupils dilate

  • Pupillary Dilator constricts to dilate pupil
  • Low light Stimulates sympathetic nervous system
52
Q

What happens when you shine a bright light on someone?

A

Pupils constrict

  • Light stimulates parasympathetic NS
  • Pupillary Constrictor constricts
53
Q

What is the process of changing the shape of the lens in order to focus the eyes called?

A

Accommodation of the lens

54
Q

How does the eyes focus on short distance?

A
  • Ciliary muscles contract
  • Leads to the ciliary zone to relax
  • Causes the lens to become rounder
  • Increases parasympathetic NS
55
Q

How do the eyes focus in terms of long distance?

A
  • Ciliary Muscles relax
  • Ciliary Zones tighten
  • Causes the lens to flatten
  • Increases sympathetic nervous system
  • Decreases Parasympathetic NS Impulses
56
Q

What is the pigmented epithelium’s function?

A

Black layer to prevent light from bouncing

Anatomy & Physiology II (Lecture) (11 decks)

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