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Anatomy & Physiology II (Lecture) > Vision - Special Sense > Flashcards

Vision - Special Sense Flashcards

1
Q

How many sensory receptors are in the eyes?

A

70%

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2
Q

How much of the cerebral cortex is related to vision?

A

About 1/2

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3
Q

How are photoreceptors stimulated?

A

By light, or photons

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4
Q

What structures protect the eye & aid in eye function?

A

Eyebrows, Cilia- Eyelashes, Palpebrae (eyelids), Conjuctiva, Lacrimal apparatus, Extrinsic Eye muscles

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5
Q

What is Palpebrae?

A

Eyelids

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6
Q

What is conjunctiva?

A

Thin membrane that covers & lines the sclera (or white part) of the eye

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7
Q

What is the function of the eyelids?

A

Protect the front part of the eye

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8
Q

What are the parts of the eyelids?

A
  • Palpebral fissure
  • Lacrimal caruncle
  • Tarsal Plates
  • Levator Palpebrae Superioris
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9
Q

What is the function of the palpebral fissure?

A

Separates superior & inferior palpebral from each other

when you open your eyes, it’s open, when you close your eyes, it closes

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10
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal caruncle

A

Makes oil/mucus for the eye

at Medial commissure

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11
Q

What is the function of the tarsal plates?

A

Internal supporting CT sheet (collagenous sheet for eye)

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12
Q

Levator Palpebrae superioris

A

Muscle that opens & closes the eyes (gives upper eyelid mobility)

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13
Q

What are the two parts of conjunctiva?

A

Bulbar & Palpebral

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14
Q

What does the Palpebral conjunctiva line?

A

The eyelids

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15
Q

What does the bulbar conjunctiva line?

A

The sclera

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16
Q

What are the two parts of the Iris?

A

Dilator Pupillae & the Sphincter Pupillae

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17
Q

Dilator Pupillae

A

Elongated, pulls to dilate pupils

  • When exposed to a dark room
  • -Sympathetic NS
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18
Q

Sphincter Pupillae

A

Circular, the muscle constricts to constrict the pupil

  • When exposed to a light room
  • Parasympathetic NS
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19
Q

What is the posterior Segment?

A

Vitreous Chamber
- Filled with thick gelatin vitreous humor
FUN FACT!
As you grow older, this jelly isn’t as thiccc and turns into a more liquidated form, pulling on the membrane with the retina and leading to splotchy dots/floaters

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20
Q

What is the anterior segment?

A

Aqueous Chamber

  • Filled with aqueous humor
  • 2 Chambers: Anterior & Posterior
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21
Q

What fills the anterior segment with aqueous humor?

A

Ciliary Processes

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22
Q

What removes the aqueous humor?

A

Scleral Venous SInus

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23
Q

Where is the Anterior Chamber of the Anterior Segment located?

A

Between the cornea & iris

24
Q

Where is the Posterior chamber of the anterior segment located?

A

Between the iris & lens

25
What happens during glaucoma?
Increased pressure between retina & optic nerve due to the inability for the aqueous humor to drain
26
What is the optic disc/blind spot?
Where the optic nerve exits the eye - No rods or cones are found here - No photoreceptors here means that whatever light enters thru here cannot be processed, and therefore not seen
27
What is the macula lutea?
The entire cone shape that includes the fovea centralis in the retina
28
What is the fovea centralis?
The apex of the cone (macula lutea)
29
What are the two layers of the eye?
1) Fibrous layer 2) Vascular Layer (Uvea) 3) Inner Layer
30
What is part of the fibrous layer?
- Sclera | - Cornea
31
Describe the sclera
Outer white part of the eye
32
Describe the Cornea
Clear/Transparent
33
What is part of the vascular layer?
- Choroid - Ciliary Body - Ciliary processes, & ciliary muscles - Ciliary Zonules/Suspensory Ligament - Iris
34
What is the choroid?
Brown/black layer that prevents light from scattering/bouncing around too much (opposite in nocturnal animals, there is a mirror-reflective layer of guanine instead of black to allow light to bounce off the retina and amplify the lights
35
What is apart of the ciliary body?
Ciliary Processes & Ciliary Muscles
36
What is the function of the ciliary processes?
To create aqueous humor
37
What is the function of the ciliary muscles?
Helps change the shape of the lens for focusing
38
What is the ciliary zonules/suspensory ligament
They hold/suspend the lens of the eye (like rope holding the lens in place)
39
What is the iris?
Colored part of the eye, controls amount of light entering posterior segment
40
What is it called when you are checking for responses (constriction) when shining a light in your eye
Accommodation Pupillary Reflex
41
What are the parts of the inner Layer?
retina (sensory layer/Neural Layer) + pigmented epithelium
42
What are the parts of the neural layer of the retina?
1) Photoreceptors 2) Bipolar Neurons/Cells 3) Ganglion Neurons/Cells
43
List the parts of the neural layer of the retina from closes to the light source to furthest away from the light source.
1) Ganglion Neurons/Cells 2) Bipolar Neurons/Cells 3) Photoreceptors
44
What are the two types of photoreceptors?
Rods & Cones
45
What are the rods?
Your peripheral vision - For night-time vision - Blurry/low resolution
46
What are the cones?
Day & color perception - In the macula lutea - Good focus/resolution (especially at the fovea centralis)
47
What are the bipolar neurons/cell layer?
Middle layer of retina - Has horizontal & amacrine cells - Helps fine-tune images/sharpen images
48
What are the ganglion Neurons/Cell layer?
Axons that make up the optic nerve
49
Where do the pigments from seeing come from?
The photoreceptors (there are proteins that read the pigments as colors)
50
What is the convergence of the eyeballs?
Eyes converge medially to focus close-in; looking straight ahead is the best for focusing
51
What happens when you shine a low light on someone?
Pupils dilate - Pupillary Dilator constricts to dilate pupil - Low light Stimulates sympathetic nervous system
52
What happens when you shine a bright light on someone?
Pupils constrict - Light stimulates parasympathetic NS - Pupillary Constrictor constricts
53
What is the process of changing the shape of the lens in order to focus the eyes called?
Accommodation of the lens
54
How does the eyes focus on short distance?
- Ciliary muscles contract - Leads to the ciliary zone to relax - Causes the lens to become rounder - Increases parasympathetic NS
55
How do the eyes focus in terms of long distance?
- Ciliary Muscles relax - Ciliary Zones tighten - Causes the lens to flatten - Increases sympathetic nervous system - Decreases Parasympathetic NS Impulses
56
What is the pigmented epithelium's function?
Black layer to prevent light from bouncing

Anatomy & Physiology II (Lecture) (11 decks)

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