Reproduction Flashcards
1
Q
What are primordial germ cells?
A
Give rise to gonadal ridge
2
Q
What are the gonads?
A
Ovaries & Testes
3
Q
What is the 23rd chromosome pair known as?
A
The sex chromosomes
4
Q
Which is the duct for male?
A
Mesonephric Wolfian Duct
5
Q
Which duct is in female?
A
Paramesonephric Duct
6
Q
What gene does the Y Chromosome have?
A
SRY Gene
7
Q
What does the Sex-Determining Region of Y (SRY) gene do?
A
Codes for the protein: Testis-determining factor (TDF)
8
Q
What is the TDF?
A
Regulates development of testes
9
Q
What is the function of testosterone?
A
Development of primary & secondary male characteristics
10
Q
What is the function of the anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)?
A
Causes regression of the paramesonephric ducts (female ducts)
11
Q
Define Mitosis
A
Diploid cell divides to give rise to two diploid daughter cells
12
Q
What is a diploid cell?
A
Cell with 46 chromosomes
13
Q
What is gametogenesis?
A
Production of the gametes, egg & sperm
14
Q
What is spermatogenesis?
A
Creation of sperm (gametogenesis in the male)
15
Q
What is a haploid cell?
A
23 chromosomes per cell
16
Q
What is the G1 Phase?
A
Synthesis of proteins. Organelles are duplicated
17
Q
What is the G0 Phase?
A
After G1, some cells stop dividing (G0)
18
Q
What is the S phase?
A
DNA Replication
19
Q
What is the G2 Phase?
A
Cell growth & enzyme production
20
Q
What does spermatogenesis give rise to?
A
A single diploid cell into 4 haploid spermatozoa
21
Q
What does oogenesis give rise to?
A
1 Haploid oocyte & 3 Polar Bodies
22
Q
When does oogenesis start & stop?
A
START: Fetus, & puberty
STOP: First Meiotic Arrest, Second Meiotic Arrest & Menopause
23
Q
What is the first meiotic division?
A
of chromosomes for one cell goes from 46 to 23 during this division
24
Q
What is the second Meiotic Division?
A
The two haploid cells give rise to two more haploid cells (4 sperm)
25
What is synapsis?
Pairing up of homologues (Chromosome I from dad lines up next to Chromosome I from mom)
26
What is cross over?
Dad’s genes trade with mom’s chromosomes & vice versa while they’re paired (mixes it up the traits)
27
What is the function of metaphase I?
Homologous pairs line up next to each other on metaphasal plate
28
What is a dyad?
Two chromatids attached at the centromere
29
What happens during Prophase II?
Same thing
30
What happens during metaphase II?
Centromeres line up on metaphasal plate
31
What happens in anaphase II?
Centromeres release. Chromatids separate (NOW are called chromosomes)
32
How much days does spermatogenesis take?
70-75
33
What is spermatocytogenesis?
Development of spermatogonia
34
What is spermeogenesis?
Differentiation of spermatids to haploid spermatozoa
35
What is spermiation?
Release of sperm into seminiferous tubules
36
What is spermatozoan?
Mature sperm
37
What is the acrosome?
Apart of the head. Has Hydrolytic/proteolytic enzymes
| Eats its way into oocyte
38
What is the nucleus of the sperm?
Has DNA (23 Chromosomes)
39
Describe the midpiece of the sperm.
Has mitochondria around tail (makes ATP)
40
Describe the tail of the sperm
Flagella
41
What is the function of the testes?
Makes sperm
42
What is the function of the seminiferous tubules?
Tubules in the testes where sperm is made
43
What is the sertoli cells?
Surround & maintain developing sperm
44
What is the function of the sertoli cells?
Makes up the blood-testes barrier
45
What happens if the blood testes-barrier is compromised?
Immune system will attack sperm & kill it making it sterile
46
What are leydig cells (interstitial)
Found in the CT outside of seminiferous tubules
47
What is the function of the leydig cells?
Makes testosterone & androgens (male hormones)
48
What is the function of accessory sex glands?
Make semen
49
Describe seminal vesicles
Makes 60% of semen
50
Describe prostate gland
Makes most of the semen
51
Describe bulbourethral gland
Makes lubricant
52
What is semen made out of?
F
53
How much of an ejaculate is actual sperm?
2-5% are actual sperm cells. The rest is semen
54
Function of Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Releases gonadotropins (FSH & LH) from ant. Pituitary gland
55
Function of LH
Causes leydig cells to make testosterone
56
Function of FSH
Makes sperm more sensitive to testosterone
| Stimulates spermatogenesis
57
Function of testosterone
Also triggers spermatogenesis
58
Function of dartos muscle
Muscle walls of scrotum: Contracts to produce heat when cold & relaxes to release heat when hot
59
What is the glans of the penis?
Head of penis
60
What is the prepuce of the penis?
Foreskin
61
Where is sperm stored after release from seminiferous tubules?
Epididymis of the penis (sperm can move in tail of epididymis)
62
Function of the vas deferens?
Transports sperm to prostatic urethra
63
Function of pampiniform plexus
Cools venous blood from scrotum & arterial blood before it enters the testes (sperm must be 4 degrees cooler than body temp)
64
Function of cremaster muscle
Allows testes to drop away from hot body when temp too warm & pull closer when temp is cooler (HOW THE BALLS GO INSIDE THE BODY VERSUS WHEN THE BALLS CAN GO OUTSIDE THE BODY)
65
Function of scrotum
Cools the testes by 4 degrees fahrenheit
66
What is the ovarian follicle?
Has the oocyte
67
What is the zona pellucida?
Shell of the oocyte
68
What is the antrum?
Fluid-filled space of the ovarian follicle
69
What is the granulosa cells?
Has the enzyme antrum. Makes up the innner wall
70
What is the function of aromatase?
Transforming testosterone into estrogen
71
What are thecal cells?
Outer wall of the ovarian follicle; makes testosterone
72
What is atresia?
Degeneration of oocytes
73
Primordial Follicle
Fetus: Simple Squamous epithelium (single layer) surrounds oocyte
74
Primary follicle
Puberty-simple cuboidal layer
75
Secondary follicle
Multiple layers of cuboidal cells-begins forming spaces
76
Tertiary Follicles
Developed antrum
| During ovulation: Releases oocyte from tertiary follicle
77
Corpus hemorrhagicum
Antrum is filled with blood after ovulation
78
Corpus luteum
Produces progesterone to maintain uterus for pregnancy
| - If fertilized; placenta takes over
79
Corpus Albicans
Corpus luteum becomes this
80
What is oogenesis?
Meiosis in the female
81
When is meiotic arrest I?
After prophase I
82
When is meiotic arrest II?
After Metaphase II
83
Where does prophase I take place in oogenesis?
Fetus
84
When does meiosis continue after the first meiotic arrest?
During ovulation once an egg is chosen
85
What are the three layers of the uterine wall?
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium (functional & basal)
86
Perimetrium
Serous Layer (viseral peritoneum)
87
Myometrium
Smooth Muscle
88
Endometrium
Mucosal Lining
89
When does oogenesis begin then stop?
Begins in fetus, stops at first meiotic arrest (prophase I); resumes again during puberty and ends at menopause
90
What is menarche?
Woman’s first period
91
When is second meiotic arrest?
Metaphase II; Either the egg is not fertilized & will bleed out during your period, or the egg is fertilized & meiosis resumes
92
Metaphase I in oogenesis
The same as male except cytokinesis is uneven; you come up with one oocyte but the rest are gross polar bodies (they end up degenerating)
93
Menses
Day 0-5 of 28-day cycle: Your period
94
Follicular phase of ovary
Proliferative phase of uterus/Follicular phase of ovary
- Follicles develop in ovary
- Endometrial cells profilerate in uterus
95
Describe LH in terms of menstrual cycle
It increases around day 12 due to ovulation (LH surge)
96
Why is there a surge of LH?
Due to the increase of estrogen present prior to ovulation
97
How long is an oocyte fertilizable during ovulation?
15hrs/month
98
What is a graafian follicle?
Mature follicle
99
If no fertilization happens, what does corpus luteum become?
Corpus Albicans
100
If fertilization does occur, what happens to corpus luteum?
Nothing: pregnancy
101
What is the function of trophoblast in pregnancy?
Makes Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) for first 8 weeks
102
What does HCG do?
Keeps ovaries producing estrogen & progesterone (progesterone from corpus luteum)
103
How can you test for pregnancy?
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) would be present in urine
104
What happens after 8 weeks of pregnancy?
Placenta can produce enough estrogen & progesterone
| - hCG now only keeps corpus luteum functioning (making of progesterone)
105
What does the morning after pill contain?
High levels of progesterone or estrogen (or both)
106
How does high levels of progesterone inhibit pregnancy?
Prevents sperm from reaching egg & keeps egg from implanting
107
How does high levels of estrogen prevent pregnancy?
Prevents ovulation
108
What does the RU486, Abortion pill, do?
Inhibits progesterone by blocking its receptors (causes your period to show)
109
What is the function of the placenta during pregnancy?
Makes hCG during 8th week to 4th Month
| After 4 months: Placenta makes E2 (type of estrogen) & progesterone
110
What is cryptochidism?
Failure of testes to descend
| -Can lead to failure of testes to mature
111
What is the % that cryptochidism happens in term babies?
3%
112
What is the % that cryptochidism may happen to premature babies?
20%
113
What is the prognosis for testicular cancer?
Successful if found early
114
What is the normal range for prostate specific antigen?
0-4 ng/ml
115
What is the % of all prostatic cancer deaths?
13%
116
How much does prostatic cancer account for in men?
28%
117
What can indicate prostate cancer?
High levels of prostate specific antigen
118
What is benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)?
Enlargement of the prostate
119
When does BPH begin?
Around 40-45 years old
120
What age does roughly half of men have BPH?
60-69 Years old
121
What is priapism?
Hurtful, persistent erections without sexual stimualtion
122
What are the causes of priapism?
Never Reading Comical Sanrio Characters
| Neurological factors, reduced venous outflow, complications with sickle cell, Spinal cord, certain tumors
123
What is amenorrhea?
Not having any menstruations at all.
124
Causes of amenorrhea
Too much exercise, extreme weight loss, malnutrition, genetics/hormones, disase
125
What is dysmenorrhea?
Painful menstruation, but can still ovulate
126
What causes dysmenorrhea?
Prostaglandins which causes the uterine contractions & vasoconstriction & meningeal vasodilation (headaches)
127
When is PMS?
During luteal phase
128
How many people get moderate symptoms of PMS?
50%
129
What are some symptoms of PMS?
Irritability, mood swings, anxiety, head aches, acne, food cravings
130
How many people with PMS have severe symptoms?
5-10%
131
What is PMDD?
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
| Severe form of PMS (depression, anxiety, panic attacks)
132
What is pelvic inflammatory disease?
Acute inflammation of the upper genital tract
133
What is pelvic inflammatory disease caused by?
STDS: Chlamydia, syphillis, gonorrhea
134
What does PID cause?
Infertility, ectopic pregnancy, pelvic pain/abscesses, septic shock
135
How is a uterine prolapse treated?
Pessary
136
What is leiomyomas?
Fibroids; benign tumors from smooth muscle
| Usually found in uterus
137
What does fibroids do?
Abnormal bleeding
138
What is endometriosis?
When the uterine endometrium is shed during menses, the endometrial cells are supposed to shed, but don’t and stay in the cavity leading to inflammation & pelvic pain
139
Tx for endometriosis
Supress ovulation, surgical removal, presacral neurectomy
140
What is cervical carcinoma statistics?
3rd most prevalent in women
| Most is caused by HPV (considered STD)
141
What is dysplasia?
Precancer : replace epithelial cells with atypical neoplastic cells
142
What is cervical carcinoma in situ
Most cervical epithelium has carcinomic cells in it (underlying tissues not effected)
143
Metaplasia
Columnar epithelium becomes stratified squamous epithelium
144
Invasive carcinoma
Invades adjacent tissues
145
Stages of cervical
1) dysplasia
2) Cervical carcinoma in situ
3) Metaplasia
4) Invasive Carcinoma
146
Ovarian cancer
3% of females, but most deaths
| -
147
Prevention for ovarian cancer
Oral contraceptives
148
Fibrocystic breast disease
Benign
| Paint/tenderness nera the period
149
Tx for fibrocystic breast disease
Drain cysts (less caffiene, fats, & carbs)
150
Breast cancer
Most common (1/8)
151
Risk for breast cancer
Women with no children; early menopause, have a baby
152
Cause of syphillis
Treponema pallidum (more resistant )
