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Anatomy & Physiology II (Lecture) > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are primordial germ cells?

A

Give rise to gonadal ridge

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2
Q

What are the gonads?

A

Ovaries & Testes

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3
Q

What is the 23rd chromosome pair known as?

A

The sex chromosomes

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4
Q

Which is the duct for male?

A

Mesonephric Wolfian Duct

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5
Q

Which duct is in female?

A

Paramesonephric Duct

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6
Q

What gene does the Y Chromosome have?

A

SRY Gene

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7
Q

What does the Sex-Determining Region of Y (SRY) gene do?

A

Codes for the protein: Testis-determining factor (TDF)

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8
Q

What is the TDF?

A

Regulates development of testes

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9
Q

What is the function of testosterone?

A

Development of primary & secondary male characteristics

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10
Q

What is the function of the anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)?

A

Causes regression of the paramesonephric ducts (female ducts)

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11
Q

Define Mitosis

A

Diploid cell divides to give rise to two diploid daughter cells

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12
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

Cell with 46 chromosomes

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13
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

Production of the gametes, egg & sperm

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14
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Creation of sperm (gametogenesis in the male)

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15
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

23 chromosomes per cell

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16
Q

What is the G1 Phase?

A

Synthesis of proteins. Organelles are duplicated

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17
Q

What is the G0 Phase?

A

After G1, some cells stop dividing (G0)

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18
Q

What is the S phase?

A

DNA Replication

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19
Q

What is the G2 Phase?

A

Cell growth & enzyme production

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20
Q

What does spermatogenesis give rise to?

A

A single diploid cell into 4 haploid spermatozoa

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21
Q

What does oogenesis give rise to?

A

1 Haploid oocyte & 3 Polar Bodies

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22
Q

When does oogenesis start & stop?

A

START: Fetus, & puberty
STOP: First Meiotic Arrest, Second Meiotic Arrest & Menopause

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23
Q

What is the first meiotic division?

A

of chromosomes for one cell goes from 46 to 23 during this division

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24
Q

What is the second Meiotic Division?

A

The two haploid cells give rise to two more haploid cells (4 sperm)

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25
Q

What is synapsis?

A

Pairing up of homologues (Chromosome I from dad lines up next to Chromosome I from mom)

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26
Q

What is cross over?

A

Dad’s genes trade with mom’s chromosomes & vice versa while they’re paired (mixes it up the traits)

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27
Q

What is the function of metaphase I?

A

Homologous pairs line up next to each other on metaphasal plate

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28
Q

What is a dyad?

A

Two chromatids attached at the centromere

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29
Q

What happens during Prophase II?

A

Same thing

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30
Q

What happens during metaphase II?

A

Centromeres line up on metaphasal plate

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31
Q

What happens in anaphase II?

A

Centromeres release. Chromatids separate (NOW are called chromosomes)

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32
Q

How much days does spermatogenesis take?

A

70-75

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33
Q

What is spermatocytogenesis?

A

Development of spermatogonia

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34
Q

What is spermeogenesis?

A

Differentiation of spermatids to haploid spermatozoa

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35
Q

What is spermiation?

A

Release of sperm into seminiferous tubules

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36
Q

What is spermatozoan?

A

Mature sperm

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37
Q

What is the acrosome?

A

Apart of the head. Has Hydrolytic/proteolytic enzymes

Eats its way into oocyte

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38
Q

What is the nucleus of the sperm?

A

Has DNA (23 Chromosomes)

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39
Q

Describe the midpiece of the sperm.

A

Has mitochondria around tail (makes ATP)

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40
Q

Describe the tail of the sperm

A

Flagella

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41
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

Makes sperm

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42
Q

What is the function of the seminiferous tubules?

A

Tubules in the testes where sperm is made

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43
Q

What is the sertoli cells?

A

Surround & maintain developing sperm

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44
Q

What is the function of the sertoli cells?

A

Makes up the blood-testes barrier

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45
Q

What happens if the blood testes-barrier is compromised?

A

Immune system will attack sperm & kill it making it sterile

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46
Q

What are leydig cells (interstitial)

A

Found in the CT outside of seminiferous tubules

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47
Q

What is the function of the leydig cells?

A

Makes testosterone & androgens (male hormones)

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48
Q

What is the function of accessory sex glands?

A

Make semen

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49
Q

Describe seminal vesicles

A

Makes 60% of semen

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50
Q

Describe prostate gland

A

Makes most of the semen

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51
Q

Describe bulbourethral gland

A

Makes lubricant

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52
Q

What is semen made out of?

A

F

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53
Q

How much of an ejaculate is actual sperm?

A

2-5% are actual sperm cells. The rest is semen

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54
Q

Function of Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A

Releases gonadotropins (FSH & LH) from ant. Pituitary gland

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55
Q

Function of LH

A

Causes leydig cells to make testosterone

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56
Q

Function of FSH

A

Makes sperm more sensitive to testosterone

Stimulates spermatogenesis

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57
Q

Function of testosterone

A

Also triggers spermatogenesis

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58
Q

Function of dartos muscle

A

Muscle walls of scrotum: Contracts to produce heat when cold & relaxes to release heat when hot

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59
Q

What is the glans of the penis?

A

Head of penis

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60
Q

What is the prepuce of the penis?

A

Foreskin

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61
Q

Where is sperm stored after release from seminiferous tubules?

A

Epididymis of the penis (sperm can move in tail of epididymis)

62
Q

Function of the vas deferens?

A

Transports sperm to prostatic urethra

63
Q

Function of pampiniform plexus

A

Cools venous blood from scrotum & arterial blood before it enters the testes (sperm must be 4 degrees cooler than body temp)

64
Q

Function of cremaster muscle

A

Allows testes to drop away from hot body when temp too warm & pull closer when temp is cooler (HOW THE BALLS GO INSIDE THE BODY VERSUS WHEN THE BALLS CAN GO OUTSIDE THE BODY)

65
Q

Function of scrotum

A

Cools the testes by 4 degrees fahrenheit

66
Q

What is the ovarian follicle?

A

Has the oocyte

67
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

Shell of the oocyte

68
Q

What is the antrum?

A

Fluid-filled space of the ovarian follicle

69
Q

What is the granulosa cells?

A

Has the enzyme antrum. Makes up the innner wall

70
Q

What is the function of aromatase?

A

Transforming testosterone into estrogen

71
Q

What are thecal cells?

A

Outer wall of the ovarian follicle; makes testosterone

72
Q

What is atresia?

A

Degeneration of oocytes

73
Q

Primordial Follicle

A

Fetus: Simple Squamous epithelium (single layer) surrounds oocyte

74
Q

Primary follicle

A

Puberty-simple cuboidal layer

75
Q

Secondary follicle

A

Multiple layers of cuboidal cells-begins forming spaces

76
Q

Tertiary Follicles

A

Developed antrum

During ovulation: Releases oocyte from tertiary follicle

77
Q

Corpus hemorrhagicum

A

Antrum is filled with blood after ovulation

78
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Produces progesterone to maintain uterus for pregnancy

- If fertilized; placenta takes over

79
Q

Corpus Albicans

A

Corpus luteum becomes this

80
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Meiosis in the female

81
Q

When is meiotic arrest I?

A

After prophase I

82
Q

When is meiotic arrest II?

A

After Metaphase II

83
Q

Where does prophase I take place in oogenesis?

84
Q

When does meiosis continue after the first meiotic arrest?

A

During ovulation once an egg is chosen

85
Q

What are the three layers of the uterine wall?

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium (functional & basal)

86
Q

Perimetrium

A

Serous Layer (viseral peritoneum)

87
Q

Myometrium

A

Smooth Muscle

88
Q

Endometrium

A

Mucosal Lining

89
Q

When does oogenesis begin then stop?

A

Begins in fetus, stops at first meiotic arrest (prophase I); resumes again during puberty and ends at menopause

90
Q

What is menarche?

A

Woman’s first period

91
Q

When is second meiotic arrest?

A

Metaphase II; Either the egg is not fertilized & will bleed out during your period, or the egg is fertilized & meiosis resumes

92
Q

Metaphase I in oogenesis

A

The same as male except cytokinesis is uneven; you come up with one oocyte but the rest are gross polar bodies (they end up degenerating)

93
Q

Menses

A

Day 0-5 of 28-day cycle: Your period

94
Q

Follicular phase of ovary

A

Proliferative phase of uterus/Follicular phase of ovary

  • Follicles develop in ovary
  • Endometrial cells profilerate in uterus
95
Q

Describe LH in terms of menstrual cycle

A

It increases around day 12 due to ovulation (LH surge)

96
Q

Why is there a surge of LH?

A

Due to the increase of estrogen present prior to ovulation

97
Q

How long is an oocyte fertilizable during ovulation?

A

15hrs/month

98
Q

What is a graafian follicle?

A

Mature follicle

99
Q

If no fertilization happens, what does corpus luteum become?

A

Corpus Albicans

100
Q

If fertilization does occur, what happens to corpus luteum?

A

Nothing: pregnancy

101
Q

What is the function of trophoblast in pregnancy?

A

Makes Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) for first 8 weeks

102
Q

What does HCG do?

A

Keeps ovaries producing estrogen & progesterone (progesterone from corpus luteum)

103
Q

How can you test for pregnancy?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) would be present in urine

104
Q

What happens after 8 weeks of pregnancy?

A

Placenta can produce enough estrogen & progesterone

- hCG now only keeps corpus luteum functioning (making of progesterone)

105
Q

What does the morning after pill contain?

A

High levels of progesterone or estrogen (or both)

106
Q

How does high levels of progesterone inhibit pregnancy?

A

Prevents sperm from reaching egg & keeps egg from implanting

107
Q

How does high levels of estrogen prevent pregnancy?

A

Prevents ovulation

108
Q

What does the RU486, Abortion pill, do?

A

Inhibits progesterone by blocking its receptors (causes your period to show)

109
Q

What is the function of the placenta during pregnancy?

A

Makes hCG during 8th week to 4th Month

After 4 months: Placenta makes E2 (type of estrogen) & progesterone

110
Q

What is cryptochidism?

A

Failure of testes to descend

-Can lead to failure of testes to mature

111
Q

What is the % that cryptochidism happens in term babies?

112
Q

What is the % that cryptochidism may happen to premature babies?

113
Q

What is the prognosis for testicular cancer?

A

Successful if found early

114
Q

What is the normal range for prostate specific antigen?

115
Q

What is the % of all prostatic cancer deaths?

116
Q

How much does prostatic cancer account for in men?

117
Q

What can indicate prostate cancer?

A

High levels of prostate specific antigen

118
Q

What is benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)?

A

Enlargement of the prostate

119
Q

When does BPH begin?

A

Around 40-45 years old

120
Q

What age does roughly half of men have BPH?

A

60-69 Years old

121
Q

What is priapism?

A

Hurtful, persistent erections without sexual stimualtion

122
Q

What are the causes of priapism?

A

Never Reading Comical Sanrio Characters

Neurological factors, reduced venous outflow, complications with sickle cell, Spinal cord, certain tumors

123
Q

What is amenorrhea?

A

Not having any menstruations at all.

124
Q

Causes of amenorrhea

A

Too much exercise, extreme weight loss, malnutrition, genetics/hormones, disase

125
Q

What is dysmenorrhea?

A

Painful menstruation, but can still ovulate

126
Q

What causes dysmenorrhea?

A

Prostaglandins which causes the uterine contractions & vasoconstriction & meningeal vasodilation (headaches)

127
Q

When is PMS?

A

During luteal phase

128
Q

How many people get moderate symptoms of PMS?

129
Q

What are some symptoms of PMS?

A

Irritability, mood swings, anxiety, head aches, acne, food cravings

130
Q

How many people with PMS have severe symptoms?

131
Q

What is PMDD?

A

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Severe form of PMS (depression, anxiety, panic attacks)

132
Q

What is pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

Acute inflammation of the upper genital tract

133
Q

What is pelvic inflammatory disease caused by?

A

STDS: Chlamydia, syphillis, gonorrhea

134
Q

What does PID cause?

A

Infertility, ectopic pregnancy, pelvic pain/abscesses, septic shock

135
Q

How is a uterine prolapse treated?

136
Q

What is leiomyomas?

A

Fibroids; benign tumors from smooth muscle

Usually found in uterus

137
Q

What does fibroids do?

A

Abnormal bleeding

138
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

When the uterine endometrium is shed during menses, the endometrial cells are supposed to shed, but don’t and stay in the cavity leading to inflammation & pelvic pain

139
Q

Tx for endometriosis

A

Supress ovulation, surgical removal, presacral neurectomy

140
Q

What is cervical carcinoma statistics?

A

3rd most prevalent in women

Most is caused by HPV (considered STD)

141
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Precancer : replace epithelial cells with atypical neoplastic cells

142
Q

What is cervical carcinoma in situ

A

Most cervical epithelium has carcinomic cells in it (underlying tissues not effected)

143
Q

Metaplasia

A

Columnar epithelium becomes stratified squamous epithelium

144
Q

Invasive carcinoma

A

Invades adjacent tissues

145
Q

Stages of cervical

A

1) dysplasia
2) Cervical carcinoma in situ
3) Metaplasia
4) Invasive Carcinoma

146
Q

Ovarian cancer

A

3% of females, but most deaths

-

147
Q

Prevention for ovarian cancer

A

Oral contraceptives

148
Q

Fibrocystic breast disease

A

Benign

Paint/tenderness nera the period

149
Q

Tx for fibrocystic breast disease

A

Drain cysts (less caffiene, fats, & carbs)

150
Q

Breast cancer

A

Most common (1/8)

151
Q

Risk for breast cancer

A

Women with no children; early menopause, have a baby

152
Q

Cause of syphillis

A

Treponema pallidum (more resistant )

Anatomy & Physiology II (Lecture) (11 decks)

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