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anatomy & physiology ii (lecture) > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Cavity between the lungs containing the heart

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2
Q

What are the types of pericardium?

A
  • Parietal Pericardium

- Visceral Pericardium

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3
Q

What is the parietal pericardium?

A

Sac that surrounds the heart

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4
Q

What are the layers of the parietal pericardium?

A

Serous Layer

Fibrous Layer

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5
Q

What layer of the parietal pericardium is the inner layer?

A

Serous

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6
Q

What layer of the parietal pericardium is the outer layer?

A

Fibrous

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7
Q

What is the serous layer of the pericardium?

A

inner layer, it is a serous tissue (produces fluid)

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8
Q

What is the fibrous layer of the pericardium? What tissue is it made out of?

A

Outer layer, CT

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9
Q

What is the visceral pericardium?

A
  • AKA Epicardium

- Attached to the heart muscle

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10
Q

Describe the blood flow starting with the deoxygenated blood returning.

A
  1. R. Atrium
  2. Tricuspid Valve
  3. R. Ventricle
  4. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
  5. Pulmonary Trunk
  6. Pulmonary Arteries
  7. Lungs
    7a. Ligamentum Arteriosum*
  8. Pulmonary Veins
  9. L. Atrium
  10. Mitral Valve
  11. L. Ventricle
  12. Aortic Semilunar Valve
  13. Aorta
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11
Q

Know the heart models

A

Freebie! :)

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12
Q

What is the right atrium?

A

heart chamber receiving blood returning from the entire body
(other than the lungs)?

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13
Q

What is the superior vena cava?

A

returns blood to heart from structures above the heart

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14
Q

What is the inferior vena cava?

A

returns blood to the heart from structures below the heart

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15
Q

What is the R. Auricle?

A

small “appendage”-like chamber -adds volume to right atrium

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16
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

A “dimple” or indentation in the interatrial septum that marks
the location of a fetal pulmonary bypass

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17
Q

What is the pectinate muscles?

A

bundles of muscles only seen in the right atrium

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18
Q

What is the interatrial septum?

A

the wall between the two atria

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19
Q

What is the opening of the coronary sinus?

A

returning blood from the heart itself

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20
Q

What parts function/relate with the right atrium?

A

Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Right Auricle, Fossa Ovalis, Pectinate Muscles, Interatrial Septum, Opening of the coronary sinus

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21
Q

What parts function/relate to the tricuspid valve?

A

Chordae tendineae

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22
Q

What is the chordae tendineae?

A

The string-like cords that connect the cusps of the

atrioventricular valves to specific muscles of the heart

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23
Q

What is a ruptured chordae?

A

When the chordae actually break

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24
Q

What is a mitral or tricuspid valve prolapse?

A

during ventricular contraction the cusps of the valves are forced up into the atrium above which opens the valve allowing blood to go in the wrong direction.

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25
Q

What is a prolapse?

A

a condition where a body part (organ or structure) is out of normal position -

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26
Q

What does a ruptured chordae cause?

A

Mitral or Tricuspid Valve Prolapse

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27
Q

What is atrioventricular regurgitation?

A

Some blood goes back up into the atrium (wrong way) when it should go thru semilunar valves

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28
Q

What is the right ventricle?

A

chamber of the heart which pumps blood to the lungs

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29
Q

What structures are associated with the right ventricle?

A

Papillary Muscles

Trabeculae Carneae

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30
Q

What are papillary muscles?

A

Specialized muscles in the ventricles of the heart
which hold tension on the Chordae Tendineae to keep the atrioventricular valves (both sides) closed during ventricular contraction.

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31
Q

What are trabeculae carneae?

A

heart muscles on the inside of both ventricles

(like little struts, etc) that create all the nooks ‘n crannies in the ventricles.

32
Q

What is the pulmonary semilunar valve?

A

valve between right

ventricle and pulmonary trunk.

33
Q

What is the pulmonary trunk?

A

large artery leading from the right ventricle (pulmonary valve) to the pulmonary arteries

34
Q

What is the pulmonary arteries?

A

right and left, take DEOXYGENATED BLOOD to the lungs where the blood becomes oxygenated.

35
Q

What is the ligament arteriosum?

A

Used to be a fetal pulmonary bypass between the pulmonary artery and the aortic arch

36
Q

What is the pulmonary veins?

A

return OXYGENATED blood to the left atrium from the lungs

37
Q

What is the left atrium?

A

heart chamber receiving blood returning from lungs

38
Q

What is the left auricle?

A

small “appendage”- like chamber that adds volume to left atrium (outside)

39
Q

What is the bicuspid (mitral) valve?

A

an Atrioventricular Valve between the left atrium and

left ventricle

40
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of cardiac muscle

A 
Striated 
Involuntary
Branched
Mononucleated
Requires extracellular calcium
Intercalated Discs
41
Q

What is the function of intercalated discs?

A

With gap junctions (holes) allows the action potential to pass from cell to cell through the heart with very little resistance

42
Q

What does functional/physiological syncytium mean?

A

The heart muscles (even though they are mono nucleated) behave as one giant, multi-nucleated cell
-This is due to the gap junctions in the intercalated discs

43
Q

What is anatomical syncytium?

A

A true syncytium or truly multinucleate cell ( like skeletal muscles have multiple nuclei)

44
Q

What are conductive fibers?

A

Conducts the AP throughout the heart

45
Q

Where does the action potential begin in?

A

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) or heart’s primary pacemaker

46
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

Roof of the right atrium b/t superior vena cava & right auricle

47
Q

What pace does the SA node set it to?

A

100 bpm

48
Q

What slows down the SA node’s beats per minute?

A

Vagus Nerve (parasympathetic)

49
Q

What does the Vagus Nerve set it to?

A

Slows it from 100 bpm to 75 bpm

-Sinus Rhythm

50
Q

What is the sinus rhythm for adults?

A

(Normal heart rate)

Adults = 75 bpm

51
Q

What is the sinus rhythm for infants?

A

Normal Heart Rate

120-160 bpm

52
Q

What is the secondary pacemaker?

A

AV Node (just in case the SA node stops)

53
Q

Where is the AV Node located?

A

Interatrial septum (bottom of the r. atrium just behind opening for coronary sinus)

54
Q

What is the electrochemical gradient?

A

Electrical & chemical components

55
Q

What is the electrical Potential?

A

Difference in charge no inside & outside of cell

56
Q

What is the electrical gradient between the outside & inside of a cell?

A

Negative at rest

Outside is positive

57
Q

What is the chemical gradient between the outside & inside of a cell?

A

More potassium on inside
More sodium (Calcium & Chloride) on outside
(Chemical Gradient)

58
Q

What is a current?

A

Influx or efflux of ions

59
Q

How does an Action Potential move?

A

From axon hillock to terminal

60
Q

What happens when the local potential (stimulus) is strong enough?

A

Positive sodium enters to bring the cell to threshold (point of no return) & an action potential is generated

61
Q

What are the steps to the action potential for a typical neuron?

A

1) Resting State
2) Depolarization
3) Repolarization
4) Hyperpolarization
5) Back to resting State

62
Q

What happens during the resting state of a neuron?

A
  • more sodium outside, more potassium inside
  • and negative inside, positive outside
  • so the resting cell is polarized
63
Q

What happens during depolarization in a neuron?

A

sodium influx so inside becomes positive - positive on inside AND outside
so the cell membrane is now DEPOLARIZED

64
Q

What happens during depolarization in a neuron?

A

potassium efflux so inside becomes negative again but now

the chemical gradient is all messed up

65
Q

What happens during hyper polarization in a neuron?

A

too much potassium goes out so more negative than normal resting cell

66
Q

What is the sodium potassium pump?

A

will restore the chemical gradient and help keep inside negative because, 3 “+“ Na’s out for every 2 “+“ K’s in

67
Q

What are the steps for action potential in a heart muscle cell?

A
  1. Resting
  2. Depolarization
  3. Overshoot
  4. Plateau
  5. Repolarization
  6. Back to Resting
68
Q

How does the sodium potassium pump work?

A

3 Na+ Out of cell

2 K+ In Cell

69
Q

What are the two components to the electrochemical gradient?

A
  1. Electrical Component

2. Chemical Component

70
Q

What is the electrical component to the electrochemical gradient?

A

”+” Outside

“-“ Inside of cell membrane

71
Q

What is the chemical component to the electrochemical gradient?

A

More Na+ On the outside, more K+ on the inside of the cell

72
Q

What does an EKG do?

A

Measure electrical activity in the heart muscles

73
Q

What are the different types of waves in an EKG?

A
  • P Wave
  • QRS Complex
  • T Wave
  • U Wave
74
Q

What is the P- Wave?

A

Atrial Depolarization (prior to contraction)

75
Q

What is the QRS Complex

A
  • Ventricular depolarization

- hides the atrial repolarization wave

76
Q

What is the T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarization

77
Q

What is the U wave?

A

Unknown origin
May be seen in normal EKG
Enhanced by hypokalemia

anatomy & physiology ii (lecture) (11 decks)

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