Metabolism Flashcards
What is metabolism?
All chemical processes of an organism
What is anabolism?
Combining simple compounds into complex such as growth, wt. gain, etc.
What is endergonic?
Require input of energy (absorbs energy)
What is catabolism?
Breaking complex compounds down into simpler ones
What is catabolism?
Breaking compounds into simpler ones (digestion)
What is exergonic?
Give off energy (like heat)
What is the process proteins must undertake in order to be made into ATP?
It must be converted into acetyl groups thru 2 steps:
1) Hydrolysis
2) Deamination
What does hydrolysis do?
Enzymes break peptide bonds into separate amino acids
What is deamination?
Removing the amine group (NH2) from the amino acids
What happens to an amine group after deamination?
Excreted as urea
What must lipid & carbs be converted into to make ATP?
Acetyl groups
How much calories is a tablespoon of glucose?
40kcal (15min. Exercise)
How much energy in glucose?
40% energy comes from glucose
60% becomes heat
What is cellular respiration?
Utilization of energy (ATP) from nutrients
What is the formula for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + O2 > 6CO2 + 6H20
How much ATP is made thru cellular respiration?
36-38 ATP
What are the steps to cellular respiration?
1) Glycolysis
2) Intermediate reaction
3) Kreb’s Cycle
4) Electron Transport Chain/Oxidative Phosphorylation
Is Glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic
Where does glycolysis take place in?
The Cytoplasm
What are the products from glycolysis of one glucose molecule?>
2 Pyruvic Acid 2 NADH 2 H20 2 ATP (total of 4, but 2 was used) H+
What is the oxidized form of 2NADH called?
NAD+
What is the reduced form of 2NADH?
NADH
What happens to the 2 NADH made in glycolysis?
They pick up the H+ & electrons made, but they can’t go inside mitochondria
- They drop off H+ & 2e to molecules already in the mitochondria
What happens if the NADH passes on the electrons & H+ to another NAD+?
3 ATPS will be made
What happens if the NADH passes on the electrons & H+ to a FADH2+?
Only 2 ATPS will be made
How is lactic acid made?
When O2 levels are low, pyruvic acid gets turned into lactic acid
What does lactic acid cause?
Pain in exercising
What causes the pain in angina pectoris?
Lactic acid build up due to clogged coronary arteries
What is the cori cycle?
Lactic acid is changed back into pyruvic acid
What is alcoholic fermentation?
Yeast
Uses 1 glucose to make 2 ATP & 2 CO2 + Ethanol
How is the pyruvic acid prepped for kreb’s cycle?
Chops off one of the carbon off CO2 (3Cs) Becomes acetate ion (2Cs)
Where does the intermediate reaction occur in?
Matrix of mitochondria
What happens during the intermediate reaction stage?
Actetate enzyme attaches to co-enzyme A this make acetyl Co-Enzyme A
What does Acetyl-Coenzyme A do?
Carries acetate ion into kreb’s cycle
What are the products of the intermediate reactions?
CO2
NADH
H+
Acetate ion
Where does the kreb’s cycle take place in?
Mitochondria matrix
What is the purpose of the kreb’s cycle?
Make fuel for electron chain transport
What happens to the CO2 during the kreb’s cycle?
All carbons get released back into the air due to exhalation of lungs (no longer have any carbon)
What are the products for ONE round of the Krebs cycle?
3 NADH
1FADH2
1GTP (converts into ATP later on)
- This cycle occurs TWICE for 1 glucose, so double results for 1 glucose.
Where does the electron chain transport occur?
Membrane of the cristae of the mitochondria
What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?
Using NADH & FADH2 made earlier to convert into ATP
How many ATP will result from NADH made in cytoplasm?
2-3ATP
How many ATP will results from NADH made in the mitochondira?
3 ATP each
How many ATP will results from FADH2 made in the mitochondria?
2 ATP Each
What is chemiosmosis?
The H+ are pumped out of the mitochondria matrix& into the outer membrane. Then diffuse right back in: this activates ATP Synthase: leads to more ATP
Where does the pentose phosphate pathway occur in?
Cytoplasm
Which pathway is catbolic & which pathway is anabolic?
Catabolic: Glycolysis
Anabolic: Pentose phosphate pathway
What are the products of the pentose phosphate pathway?
Ribose 5 phosphate & NADPH
What can ribose-5-phosphate make?
DNA
RNA
What is ribose?
5-carbon sugar (pentose)
Is NADPH reduced or oxidized form
Reduced
What is NADPH’s purpopse?
- Reducing power (donates electrons)
- Neutralizes Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)/free radicals by donating electrons
- Biosynthesis
