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Anatomy & Physiology II (Lecture) > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All chemical processes of an organism

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2
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Combining simple compounds into complex such as growth, wt. gain, etc.

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3
Q

What is endergonic?

A

Require input of energy (absorbs energy)

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4
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Breaking complex compounds down into simpler ones

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5
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Breaking compounds into simpler ones (digestion)

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6
Q

What is exergonic?

A

Give off energy (like heat)

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7
Q

What is the process proteins must undertake in order to be made into ATP?

A

It must be converted into acetyl groups thru 2 steps:

1) Hydrolysis
2) Deamination

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8
Q

What does hydrolysis do?

A

Enzymes break peptide bonds into separate amino acids

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9
Q

What is deamination?

A

Removing the amine group (NH2) from the amino acids

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10
Q

What happens to an amine group after deamination?

A

Excreted as urea

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11
Q

What must lipid & carbs be converted into to make ATP?

A

Acetyl groups

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12
Q

How much calories is a tablespoon of glucose?

A

40kcal (15min. Exercise)

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13
Q

How much energy in glucose?

A

40% energy comes from glucose

60% becomes heat

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14
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Utilization of energy (ATP) from nutrients

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15
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + O2 > 6CO2 + 6H20

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16
Q

How much ATP is made thru cellular respiration?

A

36-38 ATP

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17
Q

What are the steps to cellular respiration?

A

1) Glycolysis
2) Intermediate reaction
3) Kreb’s Cycle
4) Electron Transport Chain/Oxidative Phosphorylation

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18
Q

Is Glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic

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19
Q

Where does glycolysis take place in?

A

The Cytoplasm

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20
Q

What are the products from glycolysis of one glucose molecule?>

A 
2 Pyruvic Acid
2 NADH
2 H20
2 ATP (total of 4, but 2 was used)
H+
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21
Q

What is the oxidized form of 2NADH called?

A

NAD+

22
Q

What is the reduced form of 2NADH?

A

NADH

23
Q

What happens to the 2 NADH made in glycolysis?

A

They pick up the H+ & electrons made, but they can’t go inside mitochondria
- They drop off H+ & 2e to molecules already in the mitochondria

24
Q

What happens if the NADH passes on the electrons & H+ to another NAD+?

A

3 ATPS will be made

25
Q

What happens if the NADH passes on the electrons & H+ to a FADH2+?

A

Only 2 ATPS will be made

26
Q

How is lactic acid made?

A

When O2 levels are low, pyruvic acid gets turned into lactic acid

27
Q

What does lactic acid cause?

A

Pain in exercising

28
Q

What causes the pain in angina pectoris?

A

Lactic acid build up due to clogged coronary arteries

29
Q

What is the cori cycle?

A

Lactic acid is changed back into pyruvic acid

30
Q

What is alcoholic fermentation?

A

Yeast

Uses 1 glucose to make 2 ATP & 2 CO2 + Ethanol

31
Q

How is the pyruvic acid prepped for kreb’s cycle?

A

Chops off one of the carbon off CO2 (3Cs) Becomes acetate ion (2Cs)

32
Q

Where does the intermediate reaction occur in?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

33
Q

What happens during the intermediate reaction stage?

A

Actetate enzyme attaches to co-enzyme A this make acetyl Co-Enzyme A

34
Q

What does Acetyl-Coenzyme A do?

A

Carries acetate ion into kreb’s cycle

35
Q

What are the products of the intermediate reactions?

A

CO2
NADH
H+
Acetate ion

36
Q

Where does the kreb’s cycle take place in?

A

Mitochondria matrix

37
Q

What is the purpose of the kreb’s cycle?

A

Make fuel for electron chain transport

38
Q

What happens to the CO2 during the kreb’s cycle?

A

All carbons get released back into the air due to exhalation of lungs (no longer have any carbon)

39
Q

What are the products for ONE round of the Krebs cycle?

A

3 NADH
1FADH2
1GTP (converts into ATP later on)
- This cycle occurs TWICE for 1 glucose, so double results for 1 glucose.

40
Q

Where does the electron chain transport occur?

A

Membrane of the cristae of the mitochondria

41
Q

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?

A

Using NADH & FADH2 made earlier to convert into ATP

42
Q

How many ATP will result from NADH made in cytoplasm?

A

2-3ATP

43
Q

How many ATP will results from NADH made in the mitochondira?

A

3 ATP each

44
Q

How many ATP will results from FADH2 made in the mitochondria?

A

2 ATP Each

45
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The H+ are pumped out of the mitochondria matrix& into the outer membrane. Then diffuse right back in: this activates ATP Synthase: leads to more ATP

46
Q

Where does the pentose phosphate pathway occur in?

A

Cytoplasm

47
Q

Which pathway is catbolic & which pathway is anabolic?

A

Catabolic: Glycolysis
Anabolic: Pentose phosphate pathway

48
Q

What are the products of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Ribose 5 phosphate & NADPH

49
Q

What can ribose-5-phosphate make?

A

DNA

RNA

50
Q

What is ribose?

A

5-carbon sugar (pentose)

51
Q

Is NADPH reduced or oxidized form

A

Reduced

52
Q

What is NADPH’s purpopse?

A
  • Reducing power (donates electrons)
  • Neutralizes Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)/free radicals by donating electrons
  • Biosynthesis

Anatomy & Physiology II (Lecture) (11 decks)

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