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Physiology 2. Neurophysiology. > Vision. Rods and Cones of the Retina. > Flashcards

Vision. Rods and Cones of the Retina. Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the rods and cones of the retina absorbs incoming light?

A

The photopigmented areas.

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2
Q

What kind of receptors are found in the photopigmented areas of the rods and cones of the retina?

A

G protein coupled receptors.

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3
Q

What are the rods and cones both made up of?

A

An opsin and a retinal derivative of vitamin A.

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4
Q

What opsin is found in the rods of the retina?

A

Rhodopsin.

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5
Q

What opsin is found in the cones of the retina?

A

Photopsins.

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6
Q

How many types of photopsin are found in the cones of the retina?

A

3 types each of which can each pick up their own light frequency.

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7
Q

What happens to the rods and cones when light is absorbed?

A

They undergo a conformational change.

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8
Q

What is the conformation of the rods and cones while the eye is in the dark?

A

The cis-retinal derivative of vitamin A fits into the opsin binding site and no information travels to the brain.

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9
Q

What position is the cis-retinal derivative of the rods and cones in if the eye is in the dark?

A

It is inside the opsin binding site.

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10
Q

What position is the cis-retinal derivative of the rods and cones in if no information can travel to the brain?

A

It is inside the opsin binding site.

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11
Q

What is the conformation of the rods and cones while the eye is stimulated by light?

A

The cis retinal becomes a trans-retinal derivative and detaches from the opsin.

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12
Q

What happens when the retinal derivative detaches from the opsin?

A

There is enzyme activation and information can travel to the brain.

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13
Q

What happens to the retinal derivative once it has undergone its conformational change to the trans form?

A

An enzyme converts the derivative back to the cis form allowing it to absorb more light.

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14
Q

Will the retinal derivatives of cones or rods regenerate quicker?

A

Cones regenerate much faster than rods.

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15
Q

What enzyme converts the active trans form of the retinal derivative to the inactive cis form?

A

Retinal isomerase.

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16
Q

Is the cis form or the trans form of the retinal derivative the active form?

A

The trans form is the active form.

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17
Q

How long does it take the photopsins of cones to regenerate?

A

Around 90 seconds for 50% tio regenerate.

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18
Q

How long does it take the rhodopsins of rods to regenerate?

A

50% in 5 minutes.

100% in 30-40 minutes.

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19
Q

What activates the enzymes that change the membrane potential in photoreceptors?

A

The structural change that follows light absorption in the opsin?

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20
Q

What happens once the enzymes of the retina are activated following light absorption in the rods and cones?

A

Graded potentials and depolarisation which then allows information to travel to the brain.

21
Q

What enables animals to see different colours?

A

Different areas of opsins are programmed to see different wavelengths/colours of light.

22
Q

What colours are rhodopsins best at picking up?

A

Blues and greens.

23
Q

Is it the cones or rods that enable colour vision?

A

The cones.

24
Q

How many different opsins are found in the rods?

A

1.

25
Q

How many different opsins are found in the cones?

A

3.

26
Q

What are the 3 different opsins in the cones?

A

Type 1. Blue light.

Type 2. Green light.

Type 3. Red light.

27
Q

What kind of vision do primates have?

A

Trichromatic vision as they have 3 different opsins in their cones.

28
Q

Most mammals have what kind of vision?

A

Bichromatic vision as they only have 2 different opsins in their cones.

29
Q

Birds have how many kinds opsins?

A

4 different opsins in their cones.

30
Q

What animals are capable of seeing UV light?

A

Birds.

31
Q

What colour can cattle not see?

A

Red.

32
Q

What colours can horses not see?

A

Blue.

33
Q

Are rods or cones stimulated by wide wavelengths of light?

A

Rods.

34
Q

What part of the retina allows us to differentiate between colours?

A

The cones.

35
Q

Do rods or cones contain more photopigment?

A

Rods contain more photopigment than cones.

36
Q

How does the amount of photopigment in rods make them differ from cones?

A

They are much more sensitive to light and can be stimulated by a single photon.

37
Q

Do we tend to use rods or cones for night vision?

A

We use rods as they are much more sensitive to light.

38
Q

What is the regeneration time (trans retina to cis retina) of rods?

A

It is very slow meaning it takes a long time before the rod can be used again.

39
Q

What happens to rods when they are exposed to bright light?

A

All rods are stimulated and then go into regeneration.

40
Q

What part of the retina gives us day vision?

A

Cones.

41
Q

Do cones have a quicker regeneration time than rods?

A

Yes.

42
Q

What initiates the pupillary light reflex?

A

Changes in light intensity as the main function of the pupil is to control the amount of light that shines on the retina.

43
Q

What name is given to the constriction of the pupil when there is too much light coming in?

A

Miosis.

44
Q

What name is given to the dilation of the pupil when there not enough light coming in?

A

Mydriasis.

45
Q

What cranial nerves carry out miosis (pupil constriction)?

A

Cranial nerves 2 and 3.

46
Q

What cranial nerves carry out mydrasis (pupil dilation)?

A

Cranial nerves 2 and 5.

47
Q

What nervous system controls miosis and mydrasis?

A

Miosis is parasymapthetic.

Mydriasis is sympathetic.

48
Q

What is the function of the tapetum lucidum?

A

It intensifies light sensitivity and is useful for animals that are active at night.

Physiology 2. Neurophysiology. (17 decks)

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