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Physiology 2. Neurophysiology. > Review. > Flashcards

Review. Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

The system the body uses so that different parts of the body can communicate with each other.

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2
Q

What is governed by the nervous system?

A

The body’s actions and reactions.

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3
Q

What are the 3 basic functions of the nervous system?

A

Detecting a stimulus.

Processing information from that stimulus.

Responding to that stimulus.

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4
Q

What part of the nervous system picks up a stimulus?

A

Afferent/sensory neurons.

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5
Q

What part of the nervous system is involved in processing a stimulus?

A

Interneurons.

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6
Q

What part of the nervous system will deliver the brains response to a stimulus?

A

Efferent/motor neurons.

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7
Q

Will external and internal stimuli be transmitted around the body in the same way?

A

Yes.

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8
Q

What are 7 steps of the journey that a stimulus takes from the moment it has been felt to the point where a response is delivered?

A

Stimulus picked up by an afferent neuron.

Afferent neuron transmits stimulus to the CNS.

CNS takes stimulus to brain.

Inter neurons in brain process stimulus.

Brain makes a response.

Efferent neuron deliver response to PNS via CNS.

Response arrives at effector cell and is acted upon.

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9
Q

What are neurons?

A

Nerve cells that are able to generate, conduct and respond to an action potential.

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10
Q

Where is the nucleus found in a neuron?

A

In the nerve cell body.

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11
Q

What are the 2 different projections that project off a nerve cell body?

A

Axons.

Dendrites.

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12
Q

Are there multiple dendrites and axons that project off a nerve cell body?

A

There are multiple dendrites that branch off a nerve cell body, but only a single axon.

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13
Q

What is the role of the dendrites?

A

To bring sensory information into the nerve cell body.

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14
Q

What happens once sensory information is bought into the nerve cell body via the axons?

A

It is transmitted to the CNS or to the dendrites of other neurons by the cells axon.

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15
Q

Will a nerve cell body have multiple axons?

A

Yes, often there are hundreds of different axons communicate with a single nerve cell body.

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16
Q

How does a stimulus move from 1 neuron to another neuron?

A

It jumps from 1 neuron to the next in a process is called a synapsis.

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17
Q

What is a synapse?

A

An incoming stimulus that generates a graded potential in the neuron that receives it.

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18
Q

When will a synapse be able to initiate synapsis?

A

If the stimulus is strong enough it triggers an action potential that can then be passed on to another neuron via synapsis.

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19
Q

What is always involved between communication between nerve cells?

A

Ionic flow or electrical currents.

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20
Q

What kind of ion channels are always open?

A

Leak channels.

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21
Q

What moves down leak channels?

A

Ions that are moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

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22
Q

What kind of channels only open following a stimulus?

A

Gated ion channels.

E.g. Voltage gated channels or ligand gated channels.

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23
Q

What is major extracellular ion?

A

Sodium.

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24
Q

What is major intracellular ion?

A

Potassium.

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25
Q

What maintains the intracellular concentrations of sodium and potassium?

A

The sodium potassium pump.

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26
Q

What are the 2 classes of neurotransmitter?

A

Excitatory.

Inhibitory.

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27
Q

What is the role of excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

They cause depolarisation in the cell membrane.

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28
Q

What is the role of inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

They hyperpolarise the cell membrane.

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29
Q

What happens if excitatory potentials arrive at a neuron?

A

They reach the threshold and trigger an action potential.

This sends a stimulus along the axon and towards the CNS or to another axon.

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30
Q

At what point of the axon will the action potential overcome the threshold?

A

At the axon hillock/trigger zone.

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31
Q

What kind of animals will the forebrain be found in?

A

In more highly evolved species.

32
Q

What is controlled by the hypothalamus?

A

The autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system.

33
Q

Where do almost all of the cranial nerves enter or exit the brain?

A

All cranial nerves except for cranial nerves 1 and 2 enter and exit the brain at the brainstem.

34
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves.

12 on the left side and 12 on the right.

35
Q

How many cranial nerves enter the brainstem?

A

10.

36
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve 1?

A

Smell.

It is the olfactory nerve.

37
Q

What is the function of cranial nerve 2?

A

Sight.

It is the optic nerve.

38
Q

What cranial nerves bypass the brainstem

A

Cranial nerves 1 and 2.

39
Q

What part of the brainstem do cranial nerves 3 and 4 originate from?

A

The mesencephalon.

40
Q

What is cranial nerve 5?

A

The trigeminal nerve.

41
Q

What part of the brainstem do cranial nerve 5 originate from?

A

The pons.

42
Q

What part of the brainstem do cranial nerves 6 to 12 originate from?

A

The myelencephalon.

43
Q

What are the 3 areas found in the reticular area of the brain?

A

The reticular activating area.

The thalamus.

The reticular formation.

44
Q

Where are the thalamus, reticular formation and RAS located in the reticular area of the brain?

A

The thalamus is dorsal.

The reticular formation is ventral.

The reticular activating system is in between the 2.

45
Q

What information passes through the RAS and thalamus?

A

All sensory information.

46
Q

Is the thalamus always active?

A

Yes.

47
Q

Where does the body filter all incoming sensory information?

A

In the thalamus.

48
Q

What areas of the brain are said to be the seat of consciousness?

A

The reticular activating area.

The thalamus.

The reticular formation.

49
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A

It determines what information enters the brain.

50
Q

What happens to the reticular area of the brain when we are sleeping?

A

No information will enter the cortex.

51
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

A belt of interconnected tissues within the forebrain.

52
Q

What is the major area the brain that deals with behaviour, emotions and memory?

A

The limbic system.

53
Q

What are of the brain is involved in olfaction (smell)?

A

The limbic system.

54
Q

Why can emotions activate the autonomic nervous system?

A

As the limbic system is connected to the hypothalamus.

55
Q

What is found within the grey matter of the spinal cord?

A

The nerve cell bodies/nuclei.

56
Q

What is found within the white matter of the spinal cord?

A

The myelinated axons.

57
Q

Sensory neurons will arrive at what part of the spinal cord?

A

At the dorsal horn.

58
Q

Motor neurons are released from what part of the spinal cord?

A

The ventral horn.

59
Q

What kind of information runs up the spinal cord to the brain?

A

Sensory information.

60
Q

What kind of information runs down the spinal cord from the brain?

A

Motor information.

61
Q

Can a spinal nerve carry both sensory and motor fibres?

A

Yes.

62
Q

Where are the cell bodies for all motor neurons located?

A

In the ventral grey horn.

63
Q

What is a spinal cord section?

A

A spinal cord section is defined by the spinal nerve that leaves that area.

E.g. Section 10 is the area where spinal nerve 10 leaves the spinal cord.

64
Q

What is a spinal cord tract?

A

A bundle of axons that have the same function.

65
Q

What are the 3 functional areas of the brain?

A

Forebrain.

Brainstem.

Cerebellum.

66
Q

What is released by each functional area of the spinal cord?

A

A pair of spinal nerves.

67
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves are released in all species?

A

8 .

68
Q

What spinal nerves exit the spinal cord in the neck region?

A

Spinal nerves C1-C5.

69
Q

What nerves form the brachial plexus?

A

Spinal nerves C6 and T1-T2.

70
Q

What is innervated by the brachial plexus?

A

The forelimb.

71
Q

What name is given to the nerves that exit a plexus?

A

Peripheral nerves.

72
Q

What nerves will give information to a peripheral nerve?

A

Multiple spinal nerves.

73
Q

Do spinal nerves T3-L3 form a plexus?

A

No, they will travel to their destination as spinal nerves.

74
Q

What spinal nerves form the lumbosachral plexus?

A

Spinal nerves L4-S2.

75
Q

What is innervated by the lumbosachral plexus?

A

The hindlimb.

76
Q

What does a plexus allow nerves to do?

A

To exchange information between different nerves.

77
Q

What is a plexus nerve?

A

A nerve that emerges from a plexus and travels to an effector cell or vice versa.

Physiology 2. Neurophysiology. (17 decks)

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