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Physiology 2. Neurophysiology. > Principles. > Flashcards

Principles. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons found in the body?

A

1st order neurons.

2nd order neurons.

3rd order neurons.

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2
Q

What kind of nerve endings do first order neurons have?

A

Free nerve endings with lots of dendrites.

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3
Q

First order neurons are always what kind of neurons?

A

Sensory neurons.

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4
Q

What stimulates mechanoreceptors?

A

Stretching.

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5
Q

What kind of receptors are mechanoreceptors?

A

Mechanically gated ion channels.

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6
Q

What stimulates a chemoreceptor?

A

A ligand binding to the receptor.

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7
Q

What kind of receptors are chemoreceptors?

A

Ligand gated ion channels.

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8
Q

What kind of receptors are stimulated by thermal energy?

A

Thermoreceptors.

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9
Q

Can a single neuron have multiple types of receptors?

A

No, each neuron has a single type of receptor.

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10
Q

Can a neuron be stimulated by multiple stimuli?

A

No, each neuron is only capable of being stimulated by a single stimuli or sensation.

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11
Q

What happens when a receptor is stimulated by a sensation or stimulus?

A

The energy that stimulates the receptor forms a graded potential which is transferred into electric energy.

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12
Q

What happens when an action potential is generated in the 1st order neuron?

A

It travels to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

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13
Q

What is the name of the process by which a stimulus forms a graded potential in a receptor?

A

Transduction.

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14
Q

How does a first order neuron run from the sensory receptor to the spinal cord?

A

Via a plexus nerve or spinal nerve.

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15
Q

What happens as a first order neuron terminates?

A

It synapses into a 2nd order neuron.

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16
Q

Where are the nerve cell bodies of 2nd order neurons found?

A

In the dorsal grey horn of the spinal cord.

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17
Q

How do 2nd order neurons receive information?

A

Via synaptic transmission from 1st order neurons.

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18
Q

Where do the axons from a 2nd order neuron travel to and from?

A

They travel from the nerve cell body to the white matter of the spinal cord and then form ascending tracts.

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19
Q

What are the ascending tracts that are formed in the spinal cord by 2nd order neurons?

A

Groups of neurons that carry the same sense from different parts of the body.

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20
Q

What happens to 2nd order neurons after they have entered the spinal cord?

A

They remain in the spinal cord and pass through the brainstem until the reach the thalamic region of the brain.

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21
Q

What happens to the sensory information from a 2nd order neuron once it reaches the thalamus?

A

The information is filtered.

22
Q

Where does a 2nd order neuron terminate?

A

At the thalamic region of the brain.

23
Q

What happens to the sensory information from a 2nd order neuron once it has been filtered by the thalamus?

A

It is synapsed over to a 3rd order neuron.

24
Q

Where does a 3rd order neuron travel to and from?

A

From the thalamus to the cortex.

25
Q

When do we become aware of sensory information?

A

Once a 3rd order neuron has delivered the information to the cortex.

26
Q

What are sensory fields?

A

Each neuron has a number of free nerve endings which innervate a small area, these areas are called sensory fields.

27
Q

How does sensory information travel to the brain?

A

It is sensed in an area of the body and enters a 1st order neuron.

It travels up the 1st order neuron to 2nd order neuron in the spinal cord.

It travels up the 2nd order neuron to the thalamus where it is filtered.

After being filtered it enters a 3rd order neuron where it enters the cortex and can be acted upon.

28
Q

Where are the axons of a first order neuron found?

A

In a plexus or spinal nerve that travels towards the spine.

29
Q

Where are the axons of a second order neuron found?

A

They run in the spinal cord.

30
Q

Where are the axons of a third order neuron found?

A

They are found between the thalamus and the cortex of the brain.

31
Q

How does the brain differentiate between the different stimuli that arrive at the brain?

A

Each 3rd order neuron has a designated location in the cortex and it travels.

Therefore, the cortex is divided into different sensory areas e.g. one is the sound region and another is for vision.

32
Q

What part of the brain deals with pain and pressure stimuli?

A

The somatosensory region.

33
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for the conscious experience of incoming sensory information?

A

The cerebral cortex.

34
Q

How does the cortex determine what area of the body a pain stimulus has arrived from?

A

Each area of the cortex is divided into regions that are related to certain areas of the body.

35
Q

What is the homunculus?

A

The division of neurons of the cortex to organs of importance.

36
Q

What part of the brain do all nerve impulses want to travel to?

A

The cortex.

37
Q

What part of the brain does a 2nd order neuron take a stimulus to?

A

The thalamus.

38
Q

What nerves are found in the 1st section of the spinal cord?

A

Nerves C1-C5.

39
Q

What nerves are found in the 2nd section of the spinal cord?

A

Nerves C6 to T2.

40
Q

What plexus arises from the nerves of the 2nd section of the spinal cord?

A

The brachial plexus.

41
Q

What nerves are found in the 3rd section of the spinal cord?

A

Nerves T3 to L3.

42
Q

What nerves are found in the 4th section of the spinal cord?

A

Nerves L4 to S2.

43
Q

What plexus arises from the nerves of the 4th section of the spinal cord?

A

The lumbosacral plexus.

44
Q

How does a pain stimulus travel from the right foot of a dog to the brain?

A

It travels down a 1st order neuron to the spinal cord.

It travels down a 2nd order neuron and enters the a spinal cord tract where it travels to the thalamus.

It travels down a 3rd order neuron to the pain region of the somatosensory cortex.

45
Q

At what point of the spinal cord will 1st order neurons arrive at?

A

At the dorsal root ganglion.

46
Q

What happens to a first order neuron once it arrives at the dorsal root ganglion of the spinal cord?

A

It enters the dorsal grey horn and synapses into a 2nd order neuron.

47
Q

Are 2nd order neurons found in the grey or white matter of the spinal cord?

A

The white matter.

48
Q

How do most receptors initially respond to a stimulus?

A

Initially they will respond powerfully to a stimulus.

49
Q

What happens to a receptor if a stimulus continues for a long period of time?

A

They lower their response.

50
Q

What receptors will react very rapidly to a stimulus?

A

Phasic receptors.

These are rapid adaptation receptors.

51
Q

What receptors will react very slowly to a stimulus?

A

Tonic receptors, they will maintain a good frequency so that stimulation is always transferred to the brain.

52
Q

What kind of senses do tonic receptors usually respond to?

A

Senses where it is dangerous not to perceive them e.g. balance receptors.

Physiology 2. Neurophysiology. (17 decks)

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