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Physiology 2. Neurophysiology. > Hearing. > Flashcards

Hearing. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main components to the ear?

A

The outer ear.

The middle ear.

The inner ear.

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2
Q

What 3 things are found in the outer ear?

A

The pinna.

The external ear canal.

The tympanic membrane or ear drum.

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3
Q

What are the names of the 3 bones that are found in the middle ear?

A

The malleus.

The incus.

The stapes.

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4
Q

What is the inner ear also known as?

A

The labyrinth.

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5
Q

What 5 things are found in the inner ear?

A

3 semi-circular canals.

The vestibule.

The utricle.

The saccule.

The cochlea.

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6
Q

What parts of the inner ear are involved in equilibrium?

A

The semicircular canals.

The utricle.

The vestibule.

The saccule.

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7
Q

What part of the inner ear is involved in hearing?

A

The cochlea.

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8
Q

What is the cochlea made up of?

A

3 ducts and 2 membranes.

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9
Q

What are the 3 ducts that are found in the cochlea, from uppermost to lowest?

A

The scala vestibuli (highest).

The scala media or cochlea duct (middle).

The scala tympani (lowest).

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10
Q

What are the 2 membranes that are found in the cochlea?

A

The basilar membrane.

The vestibular membrane.

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11
Q

What part of the inner ear is the organ of corti part of?

A

The cochlea.

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12
Q

What is the organ of corti also known as?

A

As the spiral organ.

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13
Q

What is the spiral organ involved in?

A

Hearing.

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14
Q

Where in the cochlea is spiral organ found?

A

On the basilar membrane in the cochlear duct.

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15
Q

What is found within the spiral organ of the inner ear?

A

Sound receptors which are basically hair cells.

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16
Q

Where is the tectorial membrane located relative to the organ of corti?

A

Above the organ of corti .

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17
Q

How does the structure of the tectorial membrane compare to the structure of the basilar membrane?

A

The tectorial membrane is very stiff when compared to the basilar membrane.

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18
Q

What cranial nerve attaches to the cochlea?

A

Cranial nerve 8.

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19
Q

What is the function of the specialised hair cells in the cochlea?

A

They deal with hearing and balance.

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20
Q

What substance surrounds the basilar membrane of the cochlea?

A

Endolymph.

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21
Q

How do the different hair cells of the cochlea differ from each other?

A

They are graded in height meaning that they go progressively from low to high.

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22
Q

What are the hair cells of the cochlea attached to?

A

To stereo-cilia which attach the hair cells to the tectorial membrane.

23
Q

How do synapses from the hair cells travel to the brain?

A

The receptor areas of the hair cells synapse with first order neurons of the vestibulocochlear nerve.

24
Q

Are the hair cells of the cochlea connected to each other?

A

Yes, they are connected with each other via filaments called tip links.

25
Q

What happens when the hair cells are stimulated?

A

They move along with all of the other hair cells and this causes potassium to flow into the cell and depolarise it.

26
Q

What happens when the hair cells of the cochlea relax?

A

The tiplinks return to their normal position and cell becomes hyperpolarised.

27
Q

What happens once the cells of the cochlea have depolarised?

A

A neurotransmitter is released.

28
Q

What causes depolarisation in the cochlea?

A

When the tip links move away from each other.

29
Q

What causes hyperpolarisation in the cochlea?

A

When the tip links go back to their normal position.

30
Q

What stimulates the hair cells to depolarise?

A

Sound waves.

31
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of a sound wave?

A

Pitch (how close the waves are to each other).

Amplitude (how loud the sound is).

32
Q

What happens when sound waves enter the spiral organ?

A

They move the hair cells.

33
Q

What are the 6 steps that the sound wave takes to travel to the spiral organ and stimulate the hair cells?

A

It is picked up by the ear pinna and directed into the ear canal.

The waves hit the ear drum and causing it to vibrate.

This vibration is transmitted via the ossicles to the oval window.

As the window vibrates pressure waves are generated in the lymph.

This causes the vestibular and basilar membranes of the cochlea to vibrate.

The vibrations of the 2 membranes causes the hair cells to be stimulated.

34
Q

How does the loudness of the sound affect the amount of vibrations in the ear?

A

The louder the sound, the more vibrations will occur.

35
Q

What happens to the sound as it makes its way through the ear to the cochlea?

A

It is amplified.

36
Q

What happens to the hair cells as they are pushed against the basilar membrane following stimulation by a sound wave?

A

The hairs are stretched apart and this activates the tip links to depolarise the 1st order neurons in the cochlear nerve.

37
Q

What parts of the brain does the cochlea nerve run to?

A

The medulla, the thalamus and then to the cortex.

38
Q

Do the stimuli for sound waves ever cross over?

A

Yes, they cross over in the brain stem.

39
Q

What happens as the hair cells return to their original position after they have been stimulated?

A

They come back together and this causes hyperpolarisation and no more action potentials are released.

40
Q

How does the differing amplitude of soundwaves affect the hair cells?

A

There is more movement for louder sound and less movement for quiet sounds.

If the sound is louder then there will be more stretching and more depolarisation.

41
Q

Can very loud cells damage the hair cells of the cochlea?

A

Yes.

42
Q

What ion is responsible for depolarising the hair cells of the ear?

A

Potassium.

43
Q

Will all animals be able to hear the same frequencies of sound?

A

The different frequencies that can be detected by animals is species specific.

44
Q

How are different sounds interpreted by the brain?

A

Each part of the cochlear membrane is attached to 1st order neurons.

Impulses from different areas travel to a different part of the auditory cortex where the sound is interpreted.

45
Q

What provides an auditory image of the surrounding world?

A

Sonar.

46
Q

How do animals use sonar to get an auditory image of the surrounding world?

A

They emit sounds and if those sounds hit an object they are reflected back to the animal.

47
Q

Animals will use sonar to locate what?

A

Prey etc. The reflected sounds enter the body at the cochlea and the information allows them to pain an auditory picture.

48
Q

What is deafness?

A

Partial or complete loss of hearing.

49
Q

What genes are often associated with congenital deafness?

A

The merle gene.

The piebald gene.

50
Q

What can cause deafness?

A

Partial damage to the ear drum, middle ear, inner ear or spiral organ.

51
Q

What part of the ear is damaged if there is congenital deafness?

A

The spiral organ.

52
Q

What hair colouration is deafness likely to increase with?

A

The amount of whiteness.

53
Q

What eye colouration is deafness likely to increase with?

A

Blue.

54
Q

How does the merle gene affect an animal?

A

It leads to a diluted hair colour, but the more white the animal the higher the chance of deafness.

Physiology 2. Neurophysiology. (17 decks)

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