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Physiology 2. Neurophysiology. > Pain. Definitions. > Flashcards

Pain. Definitions. Flashcards

1
Q

What is allodynia?

A

When a stimulus that shouldn’t cause pain generates a pain response.

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2
Q

What is an adrenergic neuron?

A

Any neuron that leads to the release of norepinephrine/adrenaline.

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3
Q

What are afferent neurons?

A

Neurons that take information from sensory cells in the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system.

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4
Q

What are afferent neurons also known as?

A

As sensory neurons.

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5
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

The part of the nervous system that is responsible for involuntary actions such as breathing or heartbeats.

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6
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Uncoordinated movements.

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7
Q

What is an axon?

A

The long processes that branch off the nerve cell body and take information towards the CNS or to other neurons.

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8
Q

What are efferent neurons?

A

Neurons that take information from the central nervous system to effector cells in the peripheral nervous system.

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9
Q

What are efferent neurons also known as?

A

As motor neurons.

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10
Q

What is the nerve cell body?

A

The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus.

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11
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

The nervous system within the brain and spinal cord.

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12
Q

What is a cholinergic neuron?

A

Any neuron that leads to the release of acetylcholine.

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13
Q

What is circumduction?

A

When an animal moves limbs in a circular motion.

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14
Q

What is a contralateral stimulus?

A

When a stimulus is generated on one side of the body, but is transmitted on the other side of the body.

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15
Q

What is a cortical map?

A

A map that shows and divides the different areas of the cortex into the stimuli they respond to.

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16
Q

What is the decussation of neurons?

A

When neurons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other.

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17
Q

What is delayed protraction?

A

When an animal cannot move its limb.

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18
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

The long processes that branch off the nerve cell body and receive information from other nerve cells.

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19
Q

What is an electrical gradient?

A

A difference in electrical potential (charge) across a membrane.

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20
Q

What is endplate synapsis?

A

Synapsis into skeletal muscle.

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21
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Areas where synapsis takes place.

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22
Q

What is a gated ion channel?

A

An ion channel that is closed until it receives a certain stimulus.

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23
Q

What is hypermetria?

A

When an animal takes abnormally high steps.

24
Q

What is hypometria?

A

When an animal takes abnormally low steps or drags its feet.

25
Q

What are interneurons?

A

The neurons involved in decision making.

26
Q

How do interneurons work?

A

They take information from afferent neurons and will send information to efferent neurons.

27
Q

What are interneurons also known as?

A

As association neurons.

28
Q

What is an ipsilateral stimulus?

A

When a stimulus from one side of the body is transmitted up the same side of the spinal cord.

29
Q

What is a leaky channel?

A

An ion channel within the cell membrane that is always open.

30
Q

What are ligand gated channels?

A

Gated ion channels that only open when a ligand binds to a receptor on the protein.

31
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Interconnected tissues in the forebrain that connects to the cortex and the hypothalamus.

32
Q

What information is received by the limbic system?

A

Sensory information.

33
Q

What are mechanically gated ion channels?

A

Ion channels that open following stimuli such as pressure or distension of the cell membrane.

34
Q

What is a myelinated axon?

A

An axon that has been coated with myelin.

35
Q

What is a myostatic reflex?

A

When the ascending and descending information for the reflex is carried by the same nerve.

36
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

The system in the body that governs actions and/or reactions.

37
Q

What does the nervous system allow us to do?

A

To interact with our internal and external environments.

38
Q

What is neuromodulation?

A

When a stimulus binding to a neuron leads to physical changes within the neuron.

39
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A nerve cell.

40
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical substance that is released from a nerve cell and travels to another cell to stimulate a response.

41
Q

What stimulates the release of a neurotransmitter?

A

A nerve impulse.

42
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Pain receptors.

43
Q

What is nociduction?

A

The conduction of pain stimuli around the body.

44
Q

What is pain?

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that is associated with actual or potential tissue damage.

45
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

The nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.

46
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

The usual membrane potential between a cells interior and the extracellular environment.

47
Q

What voltage is a cells usual resting membrane potential?

A

-70mV compared to the extracellular environment.

48
Q

What is sensory ataxia?

A

When an animal has an uncoordinated gate and/or postural responses without a loss of muscle strength.

49
Q

What is a sensory field?

A

The small area that is innervated by a neuron.

50
Q

What is the somatosensory cortex?

A

The part of the cortex that deals with touch, pain and other sensations of the skin.

51
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

When more than one synapse arrives at the postsynaptic cell and pushes it to threshold.

52
Q

What is a synapse?

A

When a nerve impulse is transmitted between 2 neurons.

53
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

When a series of action potentials from one synapse arrives at a postsynaptic cell, pushing it to threshold in a series of steps.

54
Q

What is a voltage gated ion channel?

A

A gated ion channel that will open when its environment reaches a certain voltage.

55
Q

At what voltage will a voltage gated ion channel open?

A

Usually around -35 to -40 mV.

Physiology 2. Neurophysiology. (17 decks)

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