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Cognitive neuroscience > Vision, including kahoot > Flashcards

Vision, including kahoot Flashcards

1
Q

Retina

A

Layer with light sensitive receptor cells in the back of the eye

First place where visual info comes in

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2
Q

Rods and cones

A

Receptor cells, that pass info on to bipolar and ganglion cells

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3
Q

Photopic system

A
  • Cones
  • low sensitivity (day vision/light)
  • Colour vision
  • 3 types of opsin
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4
Q

Scotopic system

A
  • Rods
  • high sensitivity (night vision)
  • Rhodopsin (photopigment)
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5
Q

When you see an object in your left visual field the info from LGN arrives at

A

Contralateral occipital cortex

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6
Q

When light falls onto the retina it

A

Hyperpolarises receptor cells

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7
Q

The retina fovea contains mostly

A

Cones
(Cones are involved in colour vision and fill up the fovea, best vision is in fovea)

(There are no rods in the fovea)

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8
Q

When light falls on the retina outside the fovea the first cells it reaches are

A

Ganglion cells

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9
Q

`choriod, a important layer nearby receptors

A

Blood vessels, for blood supply
Important for: high energy demands
Provides: 02 and glucose
- And glucose

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10
Q

RPE, a important layer near receptors (Retinol pigment epithelium

A

Constant maintenance of rods/cones (onderhouden)

  • Retinol is regenerated here
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11
Q

Patients with blindsight have suffered damage to

A

Primary visual cortex

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12
Q

A receptive field is characteristic of

A

A neuron

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13
Q

Hubal and Wiesel (nobel prize wining men) discovered 2 kinds of columns (column of cell that have a similar function) in V1, orientation column and

A

Occular dominance column

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14
Q

The types of cells in V1 are

A

Simple and complex cells

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15
Q

The mechanism of colour vision in ganglion and LGN cells is

A

Spectral opponent

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16
Q

Jennifer Aniston / Godmother cells were found in

A

Hippocampus
(medial temporal)

NOT VISUAL CORTEX

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17
Q

Why is vision the best in the fovea

A

Obstruction by other cells are removed, light directly reaches receptors cells.

(Instead that it first had to go trough multiple other cells/layers)

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18
Q

Blind spot

A

Where nerves in blood vessels leave the eyeball. There are no photoreceptors, no bipolar cells and no ganglion cells in there, so no vision which is why it is called the blindspot

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19
Q

Why is the structure of the retina not logical?

A

Because of regeneration

20
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

Principle that serves to detect edges and contours.
- Bipolar cells have lateral inhibition. - - They laterally inhibit each other. When they are excited, they have inhibitory connection with the neighbour cells.

21
Q

Inhibit (vertaling)

A

Onderdrukken, hinder, restrain, or prevent (an action or process).

22
Q

Information from the left VISUAL FIELD reaches the …

A

Right visual cortex (right brain)

23
Q

Information from the left EYE reaches the …

A

Left visual cortex

24
Q

Partial crossover of visual nerves in the optic chiasm

A

Information from the left visual field reaches the right visual cortex.
Information from the right visual field reaches the left visual cortex.

25
Q

Blindsight due to cortical blindness

A

Damage (leasion, surgery) to primary visual cortex can lead to blindness for stimuli that are in the receptive field of those cortical regions

NO VISUAL CELLS IN PART OF CORTEX

26
Q

Explanation for blindsight

A

Functioning of intaxt subcortical connections, from retina to superior coulculus

27
Q

Superior colliculus explain which we can see unconsciously
(in case of blindsight)

A

helps coordinate rapid movement of eyes towards a target

This is enough for the brain to register visual info even if we are not aware of it

28
Q

What needs to be intact, for conscious awareness of visual info

A

The visual cortex

29
Q

Scotoma/field cut vertaling

A

uitval van een stukje gezichtsveld

30
Q

Explanation blindsight

A

Might because of a result of the functioning of the intact subcortical connections (cortex is destroyed or severely impared, but subcortical connections are intact) particular these from the retina to the superior collicus

31
Q

Superior collicus

A

Help coordinate rapid moveemnt of eye toward a target.

32
Q

Optic chiasm

A

The information of both visual field come together trough nerves in optic chiasm. IN HERE THEY CROSSOVER.

33
Q

Only requirement for evolution of the eyes

A

Is existence of light sensitive cells

34
Q

What happens when light is off

A

The cell is depolarized, which increases glutamate release

35
Q

In which lobe is vision (think ab vision in the bottom back of the head)

A

Occipital lobe

36
Q

how can people with blindsight still sort of see?

A

They see unconsciously

37
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A

Is where optic nerves end in the thalamus

In here, each neuron has a receptive field

38
Q

v1, and the 2 types of cells in it

A

Responsitiveness of neurons of layer of visual cortex

Most cells in it are tuned for specific spatial frequencies

Cells:
1) simple cortical cells
2) complex cortical cells

39
Q

Orientation columns

A

Are cells that respond to stimuli at specific orientations (vertical, horizontal and everything in between)

40
Q

Center surround organization

A
  • Lateral inhibition (allows to detect edges)
  • V1, complex&simple cells, bar of light
  • Direction of movement
41
Q

Trichromatic hypothesis (for colour vision)

A

Green, blue and red (receptors cones) are combined to see colors

42
Q

Opponent process hypothesis (for colour vision)

A

Different receptors are sensitive for opponent processes
Its either
- Blue vs yellow
- Red vs green
- Black vs white

43
Q

Dorsal visual pathway
V1 to parietal cortex

A

Where (you see) is the movement of stimulus
- Allows to contact a ball

44
Q

Ventral visual pathway
V1 to temporal lobe

A

Identification/localisation of stimulus
- Recognise a ball

45
Q

Damage in ventral pathway

A

Trouble locating/identifying objects

BUT YOU CAN STILL SEE

46
Q

V4 (visual area) in involved in processing

A

Colour

47
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Unable to recognise faces.

Particular pat in the brain is responsible to recognise faces.

Cognitive neuroscience (8 decks)

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